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卷五

子 夏 問 曰 : 「 關 睢 何 以 為 國 風 始 也 ? 」 孔 子 曰 : 「關 睢 至 矣 乎 ! 夫 關 睢 之 人 , 仰 則 天 , 俯 則 地 , 幽 幽 冥 冥, 德 之 所 藏 , 紛 紛 沸 沸 , 道 之 所 行 , 如 神 龍 變 化 , 斐 斐文 章 。 大 哉 ! 關 睢 之 道 也 , 萬 物 之 所 繫 , 群 生 之 所 懸 命也 , 河 洛 出 圖 書 , 麟 鳳 翔 乎 郊 , 不 由 關 睢 之 道 , 則 關 睢之 事 將 奚 由 至 矣 哉 ! 夫 六 經 之 策 , 皆 歸 論 汲 汲 , 蓋 取 之乎 關 睢 , 關 睢 之 事 大 矣 哉 ! 馮 馮 翊 翊 , 自 東 自 西 , 自 南自 北 , 無 思 不 服 。 子 其 勉 強 之 , 思 服 之 , 天 地 之 間 , 生民 之 屬 , 王 道 之 原 , 不 外 此 矣 。 」 子 夏 喟 然 嘆 曰 : 「 大哉 ! 關 睢 乃 天 地 之 基 也 。 」 詩 曰 : 「 鍾 鼓 樂 之 。 」

孔 子 抱 聖 人 之 心 , 彷 徨 乎 道 德 之 城 , 逍 遙 乎 無 形之 鄉 。 倚 天 理 , 觀 人 情 , 明 終 始 , 知 得 失 , 故 興 仁 義 ,厭 勢 利 , 以 持 養 之 。 于 是 周 室 微 , 王 道 絕 , 諸 侯 力 政 ,強 劫 弱 , 眾 暴 寡 , 百 姓 靡 安 , 莫 之 紀 綱 , 禮 儀 廢 壞 , 人倫 不 理 , 於 是 孔 子 自 東 自 西 , 自 南 自 北 , 匍 匐 救 之 。

王 者 之 政 , 賢 能 不 待 次 而 舉 , 不 肖 不 待 須 臾 而 廢, 元 惡 不 待 教 而 誅 , 中 庸 不 待 政 而 化 。 分 未 定 也 , 則 有昭 穆 。 雖 公 卿 大 夫 之 子 孫 也 , 行 絕 禮 儀 , 則 歸 之 庶 人 。遂 傾 覆 之 民 , 牧 而 試 之 。 雖 庶 民 之 子 孫 也 , 積 學 而 正 身, 行 能 禮 儀 , 則 歸 之 士 大 夫 。 敬 而 待 之 , 安 則 蓄 , 不 安則 棄 。 反 側 之 民 , 上 收 而 事 之 , 官 而 衣 食 之 , 王 覆 無 遺, 材 行 反 時 者 , 死 之 無 赦 , 謂 之 天 誅 。 是 王 者 之 政 也 。詩 曰 : 「 人 而 無 儀 , 不 死 何 為 ! 」

君 者 、 民 之 源 也 , 源 清 則 流 清 , 源 濁 則 流 濁 。 故有 社 稷 者 、 不 能 愛 其 民 , 而 求 民 親 己 愛 己 , 不 可 得 也 。民 不 親 不 愛 , 而 求 為 己 用 , 為 己 死 , 不 可 得 也 。 民 弗 為用 , 弗 為 死 , 而 求 兵 之 勁 , 城 之 固 , 不 可 得 也 。 兵 不 勁, 城 不 固 , 而 欲 不 危 削 滅 亡 , 不 可 得 也 。 夫 危 削 滅 亡 之情 , 皆 積 於 此 , 而 求 安 樂 是 聞 , 不 亦 難 乎 ! 是 枉 生 者 也。 悲 夫 ! 枉 生 者 不 待 時 而 �城 之 固 , 不 可 得 也 。 兵 不 勁, 城 不 固 , 而 欲 不 危 削 滅 亡 , 不 可 得 也 。 夫 危 削 滅 亡 之情 , 皆 積 於 此 , 而 求 安 樂 是 聞 , 不 亦 難 乎 ! 是 枉 生 者 也。 悲 夫 ! 枉 生 者 不 待 時 而 滅 亡 矣 。 故 人 主 欲 強 固 安 樂 ,莫 若 反 己 ; 欲 附 下 一 民 , 則 莫 若 及 之 政 ; 欲 脩 政 美 俗 ,則 莫 若 求 其 人 。 彼 其 人 者 , 生 今 之 世 , 而 志 乎 古 之 世 ,以 天 下 之 王 公 莫 之 好 也 , 而 是 子 獨 好 之 ; 以 民 莫 之 為 也, 而 是 子 獨 為 之 也 。 抑 為 之 者 窮 , 而 是 子 猶 為 之 , 而 無是 須 臾 怠 焉 差 焉 。 獨 明 夫 先 王 所 以 遇 之 者 , 所 以 失 之 者, 知 國 之 安 危 臧 否 , 若 別 白 黑 , 則 是 其 人 也 。 人 主 欲 強固 安 樂 , 則 莫 若 與 其 人 為 之 , 巨 用 之 , 則 天 下 為 一 , 諸侯 為 臣 ; 小 用 之 , 則 威 行 鄰 國 , 莫 之 能 御 。 若 殷 之 用 伊尹 , 周 之 遇 太 公 , 可 謂 巨 用 之 矣 ; 齊 之 用 管 仲 , 楚 之 用孫 叔 敖 , 可 為 小 用 之 矣 。 巨 用 之 者 如 彼 , 小 用 之 者 如 此也 。 故 曰 : 「 粹 而 王 , 駮 而 霸 , 無 一 而 亡 。 」 詩 曰 : 「四 國 無 政 , 不 用 其 良 。 」 不 用 其 良 臣 而 不 亡 者 , 未 之 有也 。

造 父 、 天 下 之 善 御 者 矣 , 無 車 馬 , 則 無 所 見 其 能。 羿 、 天 下 之 善 射 者 矣 , 無 弓 矢 , 則 無 所 見 其 巧 。 彼 大儒 者 、 調 一 天 下 者 也 , 無 百 里 之 地 , 則 無 所 見 其 功 。 夫車 固 馬 選 , 而 不 能 致 千 里 者 、 則 非 造 父 也 。 弓 調 矢 直 ,而 不 能 射 遠 中 微 , 則 非 羿 也 。 用 百 里 之 地 , 而 不 能 調 一天 下 , 制 四 夷 者 , 則 非 大 儒 也 。 彼 大 儒 者 、 雖 隱 居 窮 巷陋 室 , 無 置 錐 之 地 , 而 王 公 不 能 與 爭 名 矣 ; 用 百 里 之 地, 則 千 里 國 不 與 之 爭 勝 矣 ; 箠 笞 暴 國 , 一 齊 天 下 , 莫 之能 傾 , 是 大 儒 之 勳 。 其 言 有 類 , 其 行 有 禮 , 其 舉 事 無 悔, 其 持 檢 應 變 曲 當 , 與 時 遷 徙 , 與 世 偃 仰 , 千 舉 萬 變 ,其 道 一 也 , 是 大 儒 之 稽 也 。 故 有 俗 人 者 、 有 俗 儒 者 、 有雅 儒 者 、 有 大 儒 者 。 耳 不 聞 學 , 行 無 正 義 , 迷 迷 然 以 富利 為 隆 , 是 俗 人 也 。 逢 衣 博 帶 , 略 法 先 王 , 而 足 亂 世 ,術 謬 學 雜 , 其 衣 冠 言 行 , 為 已 同 於 世 俗 , 而 不 知 其 惡 也, 言 談 議 說 , 已 無 異 於 老 墨 , 而 不 知 分 , 是 俗 儒 者 也 。法 先 王 , 一 制 度 , 言 行 有 大 法 , 而 明 不 能 濟 法 教 之 所 不及 、 聞 見 之 所 未 至 , 知 之 為 知 之 , 不 知 為 不 知 , 內 不 自誣 , 外 不 誣 人 , 以 是 尊 賢 敬 法 , 而 不 敢 怠 傲 焉 , 是 雅 儒者 也 。 法 先 王 , 依 禮 義 , 以 淺 持 博 , 以 一 行 萬 ; 苟 有 仁義 之 類 , 雖 鳥 獸 若 別 黑 白 ; 奇 物 變  , 所 未 嘗 聞 見 , 卒然 起 一 方 , 則 舉 統 類 以 應 之 , 無 所 疑 ; 援 法 而 度 之 , 奄然 如 合 符 節 , 是 大 儒 者 也 。 故 人 主 用 俗 人 , 則 萬 乘 之 國亡 ; 用 俗 儒 , 則 萬 乘 之 國 存 ; 用 雅 儒 , 則 千 里 之 國 安 ;用 大 儒 , 則 百 里 之 地 久 , 而 三 年 , 天 下 諸 侯 為 臣 ; 用 萬乘 之 國 , 則 舉 錯 定 於 一 朝 之 間 。 詩 曰 : 「 周 雖 舊 邦 , 其命 維 新 。 」 文 王 亦 可 謂 大 儒 已 矣 。

楚 成 王 讀 書 於 殿 上 , 而 倫 扁 在 下 , 作 而 問曰 : 「不 審 主 君 所 讀 何 書 也 ? 」 成 王 曰 : 「 先 聖 之 書 。 」 倫 扁曰 : 「 此 真 先 聖 王 之 糟 粕 耳 ! 非 美 者 也 。 」 成 王 曰 : 「子 何 以 言 之 ? 」 倫 扁 曰 : 「 以 臣 輪 言 之 。 夫 以 規 為 圓 ,矩 為 方 , 此 其 可 付 乎 子 孫 者 也 。 若 夫 合 三 木 而 為 一 , 應乎 心 , 動 乎 體 , 其 不 可 得 而 傳 者 也 。 則 凡 所 傳 , 真 糟 粕耳 。 故 唐 虞 之 法 , 可 得 而 考 也 , 其 喻 人 心 , 不 可 及 矣 。」 詩 曰 : 「 上 天 之 載 , 無 聲 無 臭 。 」 其 孰 能 及 之 !

孔 子 學 鼓 琴 於 師 襄 子 而 不 進 。 師 襄 子 曰 : 「 夫 子可 以 進 矣 ! 」 孔 子 曰 : 「 丘 已 得 其 曲 矣 , 未 得 其 數 也 。」 有 間 , 曰 : 「 天 子 可 以 進 矣 ! 」 曰 : 「 丘 已 得 其 數 矣, 未 得 其 意 也 。 」 有 間 , 復 曰 : 「 夫 子 可 以 進 矣 ! 」 曰: 「 丘 已 得 其 人 矣 , 未 得 其 類 也 。 」 有 間 , 曰 : 「 邈 然遠 望 , 洋 洋 乎 ! 翼 翼 乎 ! 必 作 此 樂 也 , 默 然 思 , 戚 然 而悵 , 以 王 天 下 , 以 朝 諸 侯 者 , 其 惟 文 王 乎 ? 」 師 襄 子 避席 再 拜 曰 : 「 善 ! 師 以 為 文 王 之 操 也 。 」 孔 子 持 文 王 之聲 , 知 文 王 之 為 人 。 師 襄 子 曰 : 「 敢 問 何 以 知 其 文 王 之操 也 ? 」 孔 子 曰 : 「 然 。 夫 仁 者 好 偉 , 和 者 好 粉 , 智 者好 彈 , 有 慇 懃 之 意 者 好 麗 。 丘 是 以 知 文 王 之 操 也 。 」

傳 曰 : 聞 其 末 而 達 其 本 者 、 聖 也 。 紂 之 為主 , 勞民 力 , 冤 酷 之 令 加 於 百 姓 , 憯 悽 之 惡 施 於 大 臣 , 群 下 不信 , 百 姓 疾 怨 , 故 天 下 叛 , 而 願 為 文 王 臣 , 紂 自 取 之 也。 夫 貴 為 天 子 , 富 有 天 下 , 及 周 師 至 , 而 令 不 行 乎 左 右, 悲 夫 ! 當 是 之 時 , 索 為 匹 夫 , 不 可 得 也 。 詩 曰 : 「 天位 殷 適 , 使 不 俠 四 方 。 」

夫 五 色 雖 明 , 有 時 而 渝 ; 豐 交 之 木 , 有 時 而 落 ;物 有 成 衰 , 不 得 自 若 。 故 三 王 之 道 , 周 而 復 始 , 窮 則 反本 , 非 務 變 而 已 , 將 以 止 惡 扶 微 , 絀 繆 淪 非 , 調 和 陰 陽, 順 萬 物 之 宜 也 。 詩 曰 : 「 勉 勉 我 王 , 綱 紀 四 方 。 」

禮 者 、 則 天 地 之 體 , 因 人 情 而 為 之 節 文 者也 。 無禮 , 何 以 正 身 ? 無 師 、 安 知 禮 之 是 也 。 禮 然 而 然 , 是 情安 於 禮 也 ; 師 云 而 云 , 是 知 若 師 也 。 情 安 禮 , 知 若 師 ,則 是 君 子 之 道 。 言 中 倫 , 行 中 理 , 天 下 順 矣 。 詩 曰 : 「不 識 不 知 , 順 帝 之 則 。 」

十一

上 不 知 順 孝 , 則 民 不 知 反 本 。 君 不 知 敬 長 , 則 民不 知 貴 親 。 禘 祭 不 敬 , 山 川 失 時 , 則 民 無 畏 矣 。 不 教 而誅 , 則 民 不 識 勸 也 。 故 君 子 脩 身 及 孝 , 則 民 不 倍 矣 。 敬孝 達 乎 下 , 則 民 知 慈 愛 矣 。 好 惡 喻 乎 百 姓 , 則 下 應 其 上, 如 影 響 矣 。 是 則 兼 制 天 下 , 定 海 內 , 臣 萬 姓 之 要 法 也, 明 王 聖 主 之 所 不 能 須 臾 而 舍 也 。 詩 曰 : 「 成 王 之 孚 ,下 土 之 式 , 永 言 孝 思 , 孝 思 惟 則 。 」

十二

成 王 之 時 , 有 三 苗 貫 桑 而 生 , 同 為 一 秀 , 大 幾 滿車 , 長 幾 充 箱 。 成 王 問 周 公 曰 : 「 此 何 物 也 ? 」 周 公 曰: 「 三 苗 同 一 秀 , 意 者 、 天 下 殆 同 一 也 。 」 比 幾 三 年 ,累 有 越 嘗 氏 重 九 譯 而 至 , 獻 白 雉 於 周 公 :「 道 路 悠 遠 , 山 川 幽 深 , 恐 使 人 之 未 達 也 , 故 重 譯 而 來。 」 周 公 曰 :「 吾 何 以 見 賜 也 ? 」 譯 曰 : 「 吾 受 命 國 之 黃 髮 曰 : 『 久矣 ! 天 之 不 迅 風 疾 雨 也 , 海 不 波 溢 也 , 三 年 於 茲 矣 ! 意者 、 中 國 殆 有 聖 人 , 盍 往 朝 之 ! 』 於 是 來 也 。 」 周 公 乃敬 求 其 所 以 來 。 詩 曰 : 「 於 萬 斯 年 , 不 遐 有 佐 」 。

十三

登 高 臨 深 , 遠 見 之 樂 , 臺 榭 不 如 丘 山 所 見 高 也 ;平 原 廣 望 , 博 觀 之 樂 , 沼 池 不 如 川 澤 所 見 博 也 。 勞 心 苦思 , 從 欲 極 好 , 靡 財 傷 情 , 毀 名 損 壽 , 悲 夫 傷 哉 ! 窮 君之 反 於 是 道 , 而 愁 百 姓 。 詩 曰 : 「 上 帝 板 板 , 下 民 卒 癉。 」

十四

儒 者 、 儒 也 , 儒 之 為 言 無 也 , 不 易 之 術 也 , 千 舉萬 變 , 其 道 不 窮 , 六 經 是 也 。 若 夫 君 臣 之 義 , 父 子 之 親, 夫 婦 之 別 , 朋 友 之 序 , 此 儒 者 所 謹 守 、 日 切 磋 而 不 舍也 。 雖 居 窮 巷 陋 室 之 下 , 而 內 不 足 以 充 虛 , 外 不 足 以 蓋形 , 無 置 錐 之 地 , 明 察 足 以 持 天 下 , 大 舉 在 人 上 , 則 王公 之 材 也 , 小 用 使 在 位 , 則 社 稷 之 臣 也 , 雖 巖 居 穴 處 ,而 王 侯 不 能 與 爭 名 , 何 也 ? 仁 義 之 化 存 爾 。 如 使 王 者 聽其 言 , 信 其 行 , 則 唐 虞 之 法 可 得 而 觀 , 頌 聲 可 得 而 聽 。詩 曰 : 「 先 民 有 言 , 詢 于 芻 蕘 。 」 取 謀 之 博 也 。

十五

    傳 曰 : 天 子 居 廣 廈 之 下 , 帷 帳 之 內 , 旃 茵 之 上 ,被  舄 , 視 不 出 閫 , 莽 然 而 知 天 下 者 , 以 其 賢 左 右 也 。故 獨 視 不 若 與 眾 視 之 明 也 , 獨 聽 不 若 與 眾 聽 之 聰 也 , 獨慮 不 若 與 眾 慮 之 工 也 。 故 明 主 使 賢 臣 輻 湊 並 進 , 所 以 通中 正 而 致 隱 居 之 士 。 詩 曰 : 「 先 民 有 言 , 詢 于 芻 蕘 。 」此 之 謂 也 。

十六

天 設 其 高 , 而 日 月 成 明 ; 地 設 其 厚 , 而 山 陵 成 名; 上 設 其 道 , 而 百 事 得 序 。 自 周 衰 壞 以 來 , 王 道 廢 而 不起 , 禮 義 絕 而 不 繼 。 秦 之 時 , 非 禮 義 , 棄 詩 書 , 略 古 昔, 大 滅 聖 道 , 專 為 苟 妄 , 以 貪 利 為 俗 , 以 較 獵 為 化 , 而天 下 大 亂 , 於 是 兵 作 而 火 起 , 暴 露 居 外 , 而 民 以 侵 漁 遏奪 相 攘 為 服 習 , 離 聖 王 光 烈 之 日 久 遠 , 未 嘗 見 仁 義 之 道, 被 禮 義 之 風 , 是 以 嚚 頑 無 禮 , 而 肅 敬 日 益 凌 遲 , 以 威武 相 攝 , 妄 為 佞 人 , 不 避 禍 患 , 此 其 所 以 難 治 也 。 人 有六 情 : 目 欲 視 好 色 , 耳 欲 聽 宮 商 , 鼻 欲 嗅 芬 香 , 口 欲 嗜甘 旨 , 其 身 體 四 肢 欲 安 而 不 作 , 衣 欲 被 文 繡 而 輕 暖 , 此六 者 、 民 之 六 情 也 , 失 之 則 亂 , 從 之 則 穆 。 故 聖 王 之 教其 民 也 , 必 因 其 情 , 而 節 之 以 禮 , 必 從 其 欲 , 而 制 之 以義 , 義 簡 而 備 , 禮 易 而 法 , 去 情 不 遠 , 故 民 之 從 命 也 速。 孔 子 知 道 之 易 行 , 曰 : 「 詩 云 : 『 牖 民 孔 易 。 』 非 虛辭 也 。 」

十七

 之 性 為 絲 , 弗 得 女 工 燔 以 沸 湯 , 抽 其 統 理 , 不成 為 絲 。 卵 之 性 為 雛 , 不 得 良 雞 覆 伏 孚 育 , 積 日 累 久 ,則 不 成 為 雛 。 夫 人 性 善 , 非 得 明 王 聖 主 扶 攜 , 內 之 以 道, 則 不 成 為 君 子 。 詩 曰 : 「 天 生 蒸 民 , 其 命 匪 諶 。 靡 不有 初 , 鮮 克 有 終 。 」 言 惟 明 王 聖 主 然 後 使 之 然 也 。

十八

智 如 泉 源 , 行 可 以 為 表 儀 者 、 人 師 也 。 智 可 以 砥, 行 可 以 為 輔 弼 者 、 人 友 也 。 據 法 守 職 , 而 不 敢 為 非 者、 人 吏 也 。 當 前 決 意 , 一 呼 再 喏 者 、 人 隸 也 。 故 上 主 以師 為 佐 , 中 主 以 友 為 佐 , 下 主 以 吏 為 佐 , 危 亡 之 主 以 隸為 佐 。 語 曰 : 「 淵 廣 者 、 其 魚 大 , 主 明 者 , 其 臣 慧 , 相觀 而 志 合 , 必 由 其 中 。 」 故 同 明 相 見 , 同 音 相 聞 , 同 志相 從 , 非 賢 者 莫 能 用 賢 。 故 輔 弼 左 右 所 任 使 者 、 有 存 亡之 機 , 得 失 之 要 也 , 可 無 慎 乎 ! 詩 曰 : 「 不 明 爾 德 , 時無 背 無 側 ; 爾 德 不 明 , 以 無 陪 無 卿 。 」

十九

昔 者 , 禹 以 夏 王 , 桀 以 夏 亡 ; 湯 以 殷 王 , 紂 以 殷亡 。 故 無 常 安 之 國 , 宜 治 之 民 , 得 賢 則 昌 , 不 肖 則 亡 ,自 古 及 今 , 未 有 不 然 者 也 。 夫 明 鏡 者 、 所 以 照 形 也 ; 往古 者 、 所 以 知 今 也 。 夫 知 惡 往 古 之 所 以 危 亡 , 而 不 襲 蹈其 所 以 安 存 者 、 則 無 以 異 乎 卻 行 而 求 逮 於 前 人 。 鄙 語 曰: 「 不 知 為 吏 , 視 已 成 事 。 」 或 曰 : 「 前 車 覆 , 後 車 不誡 , 是 以 後 車 覆 也 。 」 故 夏 之 所 以 亡 者 、 而 殷 為 之 , 殷之 所 以 亡 者 、 而 周 為 之 。 故 殷 可 以 鑒 於 夏 , 而 周 可 以 鑒於 殷 。 詩 曰 : 「 殷 鑒 不 遠 , 在 夏 后 之 世 。 」

二十

傳 曰 : 驕 溢 之 君 寡 忠 , 口 惠 之 人 鮮 信 。 故 盈 把 之木 無 合 拱 之 枝 , 榮 澤 之 水 無 吞 舟 之 魚 , 根 淺 則 枝 葉 短 ,本 絕 則 枝 葉 枯 。 詩 曰 : 「 枝 葉 未 有 害 , 本 實 先 撥 。� , 本 實 先 撥 。 」 禍福 自 己 出 也 。

二十一

水 淵 深 廣 , 則 龍 魚 生 之 ; 山 林 茂 盛 , 則 禽 獸 歸 之; 禮 義 脩 明 , 則 君 子 懷 之 。 故 禮 及 身 而 行 脩 , 禮 及 國 而政 明 。 能 以 禮 扶 身 , 則 貴 名 自 揚 , 天 下 順 焉 , 令 行 禁 止, 而 王 者 之 事 畢 矣 。 詩 曰 : 「 有 覺 德 行 , 四 國 順 之 。 」夫 此 之 謂 也 。

二十二

孔 子 曰 : 「 夫 談 說 之 術 : 齊 莊 以 立 之 , 端 誠 以 處之 , 堅 強 以 待 之 , 辟 稱 以 喻 之 , 分 以 明 之 , 歡 忻 芬 芳 以送 之 , 寶 之 珍 之 , 貴 之 神 之 , 如 是 、 則 說 恒 無 不 行 矣 ,夫 是 之 謂 能 貴 其 所 貴 。 若 夫 無 類 之 說 , 不 形 之 行 , 不 贊之 辭 , 君 子 慎 之 。 」 詩 曰 :「 無 易 由 言 , 無 曰 苟 矣 。 」

二十三

夫 百 姓 內 不 乏 食 , 外 不 患 寒 , 則 可 教 御 以 禮 義 矣。 詩 曰 : 「 蒸 畀 祖 妣 , 以 洽 百 禮 。 」 百 禮 洽 則 百 意 逐 ,百 意 逐 則 陰 陽 調 , 陰 陽 調 則 寒 暑 均 , 寒 暑 均 則 三 光 清 ,三 光 清 則 風 雨 時 , 風 雨 時 則 群 生 寧 , 如 是 、 則 天 道 得 矣。 是 以 不 出 戶 而 知 天 下 , 不 窺 牖 而 知 天 道 。 詩 曰 : 「 惟此 聖 人 , 瞻 言 百 里 。 於 鑠 王 師 , 遵 養 時 晦 。 」 言 相 養 之至 于 晦 也 。

二十四

天 有 四 時 : 春 夏 秋 冬 , 風 雨 霜 露 , 無 非 教 也 。 清明 在 躬 , 氣 志 如 神 , 嗜 欲 將 至 , 有 開 必 先 。 天 降 時 雨 ,山 川 出 雲 。 詩 曰 : 「 崧 高 維 嶽 , 駿 極 于 天 。 維 嶽 降 神 ,生 甫 及 申 。 維 申 及 甫 , 維 周 之 翰 。 四 國 于 蕃 , 四 方 于 宣。 」 此 文 武 之 德 也 。 三 代 之 王 也 , 必 先 其 令 名 。 詩 曰 :「 明 明 天 子 , 令 聞 不 己 。 矢 其 文 德 , 洽 此 四 國 。 」 此 大王 之 德 也 。

二十五

藍 有 青 , 而 絲 假 之 , 青 於 藍 ; 地 有 黃 , 而 絲 假 之, 黃 於 地 。 藍 青 地 黃 , 猶 可 假 也 , 仁 義 之 事 , 不 可 假 乎哉 ! 東 海 之 魚 , 名 曰 鰈 , 比 目 而 行 , 不 相 得 , 不 能 達 。北 方 有 獸 , 名 曰 婁 , 更 食 而 更 視 , 不 相 得 , 不 能 飽 。 南方 有 鳥 , 名 曰 鶼 , 比 翼 而 飛 , 不 相 得 , 不 能 舉 。 西 方 有獸 , 名 曰 蟨 , 前 足 鼠 , 後 足 兔 , 得 甘 草 , 必 銜 以 遺 蛩 蛩距 虛 , 其 性 非 能 蛩 蛩 距 虛 , 將 為 假 之 故 也 。 夫 鳥 獸 魚 猶相 假 , 而 況 萬 乘 之 主 而 獨 不 知 假 此 天 下 英 雄 俊 士 , 與 之為 伍 , 則 豈 不 病 哉 ! 故 曰 : 以 明 扶 明 , 則 昇 于 天 ; 以 明扶 闇 , 則 歸 其 人 ; 兩 瞽 相 扶 , 不 傷 墻 木 , 不 陷 井 阱 , 則其 幸 也 。 詩 曰 : 「 惟 彼 不 順 , 往 以  垢 。 」 闇 行 也 。

二十六

福 生 於 無 為 , 而 患 生 於 多 欲 。 知 足 、 然 後 富從 之, 德 宜 君 人 , 然 後 貴 從 之 。 故 貴 爵 而 賤 德 者 , 雖 為 天 子, 不 尊 矣 ; 貪 物 而 不 知 止 者 , 雖 有 天 下 , 不 富 矣 。 夫 土地 之 生 不 益 , 山 澤 之 出 有 盡 , 懷 不 富 之 心 , 而 求 不 益 之物 ; 挾 百 倍 之 欲 , 而 求 有 盡 之 財 , 是 桀 紂 所 以 失 其 位 也。 詩 曰 : 「 大 風 有 隧 , 貪 人 敗 類 。 」

二十七

哀 公 問 於 子 夏 曰 : 「 必 學 然 後 可 以 安 國 保 民 乎 ?」 子 夏 曰 : 「 不 學 而 能 安 國 保 民 者 , 未 之 有 也 。 」 哀 公曰 : 「 然 則 五 帝 有 師 乎 ? 」 子 夏 曰 : 「 臣 聞 黃 帝 學 乎 大墳 , 顓 頊 學 乎 祿 圖 , 帝 嚳 學 乎 赤 松 子 , 堯 學 乎 務 成 子 附, 舜 學 乎 尹 壽 , 禹 學 乎 西 王 國 , 湯 學 乎 貸 乎 相 , 文 王 學乎 錫 疇 子 斯 , 武 王 學 乎 太 公 , 周 公 學 乎 虢 叔 , 仲 尼 學 乎老 聃 。 此 十 一 聖 人 , 未 遭 此 師 , 則 功 業 不 能 著 乎 天 下 ,名 號 不 能 傳 乎 後 世 者 也 。 」 詩 曰 : 「 不 愆 不 忘 , 率 由 舊章 。 」

二十八

德 也 者 、 包 天 地 之 大 , 配 日 月 之 明 , 立 乎 四 時 之周 , 臨 乎 陰 陽 之 交 。 寒 暑 不 能 動 也 , 四 時 不 能 化 也 , 歛乎 太 陰 而 不 濕 , 散 乎 太 陽 而 不 枯 。 鮮 潔 清 明 而 備 , 嚴 威毅 疾 而 神 , 至 精 而 妙 乎 天 地 之 間 者 、 德 也 , 微 聖 人 , 其孰 能 與 於 此 矣 。 詩 曰 : 「 德 輶 如 毛 , 民 鮮 克 舉 之 。 」

二十九

如 歲 之 旱 , 草 不 潰 茂 , 然 天 勃 然 興 雲 , 沛 然 下 雨, 則 萬 物 無 不 興 起 之 者 。 民 非 無 仁 義 根 於 心 者 也 , 王 政怵 迫 , 而 不 得 見 , 憂 鬱 而 不 得 出 。 聖 王 在 , 彼  舄 , 視不 出 閤 , 而 天 下 隨 , 倡 而 天 下 和 , 何 如 在 此 , 有 以 應 哉! 詩 曰 : 「 如 彼 歲 旱 , 草 不 潰 茂 。 」

三十

「 道 者 , 何 也 ? 」 曰 : 「 君 之 所 道 也 。 」 「 君 者, 何 也 ? 」 曰 : 「 群 也 。 為 天 下 萬 物 而 除 其 害 者 、 謂 之君 。 」 「 王 者 何 也 ? 」 曰 :「 往 也 。 天 下 往 之 , 謂 之 王 。 」 曰 : 「 善 養 生 者 、 故 人尊 之 ; 善 辯 治 人 者 , 故 人 安 之 ; 善 顯 設 人 者 、 故 人 親 之; 善 粉 飾 人 者 、 故 人 樂 之 。 四 統 者 具 , 天 下 往 之 ,四 統無 一 , 而 天 下 去 之 , 往 之 謂 之 王 , 去 之 謂 之 亡 , 故 曰 :道 存 則 國 存 , 道 亡 則 國 亡 。 夫 省 工 商 , 眾 農 人 , 謹 盜 賊, 除 姦 邪 , 是 所 以 生 養 之 也 。 天 子 三 公 , 諸 侯 一 相 , 大夫 擅 官 , 士 保 職 , 莫 不 治 理 , 是 所 以 辯 治 之 也 。 決 德 而定 次 , 量 能 而 授 官 , 賢 以 為 三 公 , 賢 以 為 諸 侯 , 次 則 為大 夫 , 是 所 以 顯 設 之 也 。 修 冠 弁 衣 裳 , 黼 黻 文 章 , 琱 琢刻 鏤 , 皆 有 等 差 , 是 所 以 粉 飾 之 也 。 故 自 天 子 至 於 庶 人, 莫 不 稱 其 能 , 得 其 意 , 安 樂 其 事 , 是 所 同 也 。 若 夫 重色 而 成 文 , 累 味 而 備 珍 , 則 聖 人 所 以 分 賢 愚 , 明 貴賤 。故 道 得 則 澤 流 群 生 , 而 福 歸 王 公 , 澤 流 群 生 , 則 下 安 而和 , 福 歸 王 公 , 則 上 尊 而 榮 , 百 姓 皆 懷 安 和 之 心 , 而 樂戴 其 上 , 夫 是 之 謂 下 治 而 上 通 , 下 治 而 上 通 , 頌 聲 之 所以 興 也 。 」 詩 曰 : 「 降 福 簡 簡 , 威 儀 反 反 。 既 醉 既 飽 ,福 祿 來 反 。 」

三十一

聖 人 養 一 性 而 御 夫 氣 , 持 一 命 而 節 滋 味 , 奄 治 天下 , 不 遺 其 小 , 存 其 精 神 , 以 補 其 中 , 謂 之 士 。 詩 曰 :「 不 競 不 絿 , 不 剛 不 柔 。 」 言 得 中 也 。

三十二

朝 廷 之 士 為 祿 , 故 人 而 不 出 , 山 林 之 士 為名 , 故往 而 不 返 。 入 而 亦 能 出 , 往 而 亦 能 返 , 通 移 有 常 , 聖 也。 詩 曰 : 「 不 競 不 絿 , 不 剛 不 柔 。 」 言 得 中 也 。

三十三

孔 子 侍 坐 於 季 孫 。 季 孫 之 宰 通 曰 : 「 君 使 人 假 馬, 其 與 之 乎 ? 」 孔 子 曰 : 「 吾 聞 君 取 於 臣 , 謂 之 取 , 不曰 假 。 」 季 孫 悟 , 告 宰 通 曰 : 「 今 以 往 , 君 有 取 , 謂 之取 , 無 曰 假 。 」 孔 子 曰 正 假 馬 之 言 , 而 君 臣 之 義 定 矣 。論 語 曰 : 「 必 也 正 名 乎 ! 」 詩 曰 : 「 君 子 無 易 由 言 。 」

CHAPTER V

1

Tzŭ-hsia asked, "Why is the kuan-chü made to begin the "Kuo-fêng" [section of the Odes]?"

Confucius said, "The kuan-chü is perfection. 1 Now in its relation to man, 2 the kuan-chü above is like Heaven; below it is like Earth. Mysterious and dark is the virtue it hides; abundant and rich the Way it puts into practice. Its transformations are like those of the supernatural dragon. 3 It is complete in its brilliancy and order. Oh great is the Way of the kuan-chü! It is that which connects all things and on which the life of human beings is dependent. 4

"The Ho and the Lo [Rivers] gave forth the writing and the diagram; 5 the lin and the phoenix frequented 6 the suburbs: 7 by what means could this be brought about except by following the Way 8 of the kuan-chü, and by taking the subject of the kuan-chü for a model? 9 Now the writings of the Six Classics 10 all are devoted to exhaustive discussion, but they derive [their matter] from the kuan-chü. The subject of the kuan-chü is great! Vast and soaring, `from the east to the west, from the south to the north, there is not a thought but does it homage.' 11 May you exert yourself [to emulate it], and cherish it in thought. 12 Neither human beings between Heaven and Earth nor the origin of the Kingly Way are outside its compass."

Tzŭ-hsia sighed deeply and said, "Great indeed is the kuan-chü; it is the [very] foundation of Heaven and Earth."

The Ode says, 13

With bells and drums 14 let us show our delight in it.

2

Confucius had the heart of a saint. He moved about in the realm of the Way and of Virtue; he wandered in the province of the formless. He regarded human emotions in the light of eternal principles. 15 He understood beginning and end; he comprehended success and failure. Truly he made jên and i flourish and kept down opportunism and materialism; by so doing he maintained and nourished his [sage-heart]. In his time the House of Chou was failing and the Kingly Way had been broken off. The feudal lords governed by force, the strong robbed the weak, the rich oppressed the poor, the people had no peace, and no one made rules for them. Li and i being destroyed, human relationships were not regulated. Whereupon Confucius "From the west to the east, from the south to the north, 16 crawled on his knees to help them." 17

3 18

Under the government of a True King, promotion of the sage and the able does not wait on seniority, and dismissal of unworthy persons takes place without a moment's delay. Punishment of a chief criminal does not wait on instruction, 19 nor does the reform of the ordinary man wait on his being perfect. 20 Before distinctions are established, there are natural gradations. 21 Though a person be the descendant of a duke, minister, or great officer, if his conduct breaks the rules of li and i,22 he is put back to the rank of a commoner. [Though a person be descended from the common people, if he amasses learning, 23 rectifies his conduct, and becomes capable of li and i,24 then he is put up among the gentlemen and great officers. People 25 who are upset are taken in charge and tested. People who are not upright are put on probation. 26 If they become tractable, they are supported; if not, they are banished.] 27 [As for those afflicted with one of the five defects,] 28 the ruler receives and employs them; he gives them office and feeds and clothes them. Covering all 29 he neglects none. But if a gifted person transgresses [deliberately] against the proper season, he is put to death without reprieve, 30 and it is said that Heaven has punished 31 him. Such is the government of a True King. The Ode says, 32

If a man has no dignity of demeanor,
What should he do but die?

4 33

The prince is the source of the people. If the source is pure the stream will be pure, but if the source is muddy the stream will be muddy. Hence the ruler who is unable to love his people and who yet looks for the people to cherish and love himself, [is expecting] the impossible. If, when the people neither cherish nor love him, he expects them to work for him and to die for him, [he is expecting] the impossible. If, when the people will not work for him and will not die for him, he expects his army to be strong and his walls to be stout, [he is expecting] the impossible. If, when his army is not strong and his walls are not stout, he hopes to avoid danger and destruction, [he is hoping for] the impossible. Now when all the circumstances of danger and destruction are concentrated together here, is it not hard to conceive of looking for peace and happiness? This is to be born in vain. Alas, he who is born in vain perishes before long.

Hence if a ruler wishes strength and solidarity, peace and happiness, he had best turn to himself. If he wishes to gain the submission of his subordinates and unite the people, he had best extend 34 to them [good] government. If he wishes to improve his government and elevate customs, he had best seek out the right man.

That "right man" is one who, born in the present age, fixes his mind on the Way 35 of ancient times. None of the nobles of the empire may like a thing, but this one alone likes it; none of the people may act, but this one alone will act; or those who will act are exhausted, and this one alone will act without a moment's delay or error. It is he alone who understands how the former kings succeeded and how they failed; 36 [it is he] who recognizes peace and danger, security and its opposite in a state as easily as he distinguishes black and white: such is the right man.

If a ruler wishes strength and solidarity, peace and happiness, he had best act in conjunction with the right man. If he uses him more, the empire will be unified and the feudal lords will become his servants; if he uses him less, his prestige [still] will overawe neighboring states, while none will be able to conquor him. Yin's use of I-yin, Chou's meeting with [and employing] T`ai-kung can be called examples of using [the right man] more. Ch`i's use of Kuan Chung and Ch`u's use of Sun-shu Ao can be called examples of using [the right man] less. Using him more [gives results] as in the first cases, and using him less as in the last. 37 Truly it is said [of a ruler who employs the right man], that consistently using him he becomes a true king, partly [using him], he becomes a hegemon, while without a single such person he will lose his kingdom. 38 The Ode says, 39

All through the kingdom there is no [proper] government,
Because the good are not employed.

There have never been any who, not employing good ministers, were not lost.

5 40

Tsao-fu was the best charioteer in the world, but without chariot and horses he would have had no way to show his ability. Yi was the best archer in the world, but without bow and arrow he would have had no way to show his skill. The Great Confucian is one who puts the empire into harmony, but without [at least] a hundred li of territory he will have no way to show his merits. Now a person with a strong chariot and select horses who is unable to go a thousand li is no Tsao-fu; one with adjusted bow and straight arrows who is unable to shoot far and hit a small mark is no Yi; and one with a hundred li of land who is unable to put the empire into harmony and control the four barbarians is no Great Confucian.

The Great Confucian may live in retirement in a miserable hut in a back alley, without the slightest holding of land, but still the nobles will be unable to contest his fame. 41 When he has a hundred li of territory, a state of a thousand li will be unable to contest his superiority. He castigates aggressive states, unites the empire, and none can overthrow him: such is the merit of the Great Confucian. His speech is appropriate, and his conduct is in accord with li. He has no reason to regret what he does. His conduct in dangerous situations 42 and his adaptations to changed circumstances are appropriate in the smallest detail. He moves with the times and changes with the world. Through the multiplicity of beginnings and the infinity of changes 43 his Way is single: such is the Great Confucian.

In this way there are ordinary people, ordinary Confucians, refined Confucians, and Great Confucians. His ear does not listen to learning, in conduct he lacks correctness and i; he is so confused that he takes wealth and gain to be the most important things: such is the ordinary man.

He wears large [-sleeved] gowns 44 and broad sashes; he roughly models himself on the former kings, but is inadequate in a time of confusion. 45 His method is faulty and his studies eclectic; although his attire and conduct 46 have become identical with the vulgar usage of the time, he does not know that they are wrong. In light conversation or serious discussion, since he differs not at all from Lao[-tzŭ] and Mo[-tzŭ], he does not know how to make distinctions: such is the ordinary Confucian.

He patterns himself after the former kings and unifies institutions; as concerns speech and conduct, he is in possession of the Great Method, but his understanding does not suffice to help him where rules and instructions do not reach and where his experience does not extend. When he knows a thing, he holds that he knows it, and when he does not know a thing he admits that he does not know it. 47 Within, he does not cheat himself; outside, he does not cheat others. For this reason he esteems the sages and honors the law, not daring to be disrespectful concerning them: such is the refined Confucian.

He models himself on the former kings and relies upon li and i. From the restricted he grasps the extended, and from the single he puts into action the multiple. In matters of jên and i, even among birds and beasts, he makes distinctions as clearly as between black and white. When outlandish creatures or strange transformations 48 which he has never seen or heard of suddenly come to light somewhere, without depending on any outside help, he produces a comprehensive category that takes care of them, and pulls out 49 a law which measures them as exactly as [the two parts of] a tally fit [together]: such is the Great Confucian.

Hence if a ruler uses common men, it will result in the loss of his state [though it be one] of ten thousand chariots. If he uses an ordinary Confucian, his state of ten thousand chariots will be preserved. If he uses a refined Confucian, his state, [though it consist of only] a thousand li [of territory], will be at peace. If he uses a Great Confucian, with a territory of [no more than] one hundred li, in three years at the longest, 50 the feudal lords of the empire will be his subjects. Should he use him in a state of ten thousand chariots, he would be established as soon as he began to act; in one day he would be famous. 51 The Ode says, 52

Although Chou was an old country,
The [favoring] appointment lighted on it recently.

This can be called fame, 53 and King Wên can certainly be called a Great Confucian.

6 54

King Ch`êng of Ch`u 55 was reading in the hall, and at work below was Lun-pien, 56 who asked, "What is the book Your Highness is reading?"

King Ch`êng said, "It is a book of the Former Sages."

Lun-pien said, "It is certainly only the dregs of the Former Sages, and not their essence."

King Ch`êng said, "What grounds have you for saying that?"

Lun-pien said, "Let us put it in terms of the wheels I make. With the compass I make them round, and with a square I make them straight. These [techniques] I can pass on to my sons and grandsons. But when it comes to bringing three pieces of wood together, there is a response in the heart and a movement in the body which there is no way to transmit. Hence what has been transmitted is certainly nothing but the dregs. Thus it is possible to examine 57 the methods of T`ang and Yü, 58 but there is no attaining to their illumination of men's hearts. The Ode says, 59

The doings of High Heaven
Have neither sound nor smell.

Who can attain to this?"

7 60

Confucius was studying the lute under the music master Hsiang-tzŭ,61 but made no progress. Master Hsiang-tzŭ said, "It is within your power, sir, to make progress."

Confucius said, "I have already grasped the melody, but as yet I have not got the structure [of this music]."

After a while [Hsiang-tzŭ] said, "It is within your power, sir, to make [more] progress."

[Confucius] said, "I have already grasped the structure, but as yet I do not have its meaning."

After a while [Hsiang-tzŭ] again said, "It is within your power, sir, to make [more] progress," and [Confucius] said, ["I have already got its meaning, but I have not yet got the man."

After a while (Hsiang-tzŭ) again said, "It is within your power, sir, to make (more) progress," and (Confucius) said,] 62

"I have already got the man [who composed the piece], but I still have not managed to place him." For a while he gazed off into the distance, lost in deep thought. Then he said, 63 "Pensive and majestic is he who must have composed this music. Darkly black, 64 and grandly tall 65 he rules the empire and attracts to his court the feudal lords: it can be no other than King Wên."

Master Hsiang-tzŭ withdrew from the mat, bowed twice, and said, "Good. Music masters attribute this song to King Wên."

So it was that Confucius, in apprehending the sounds [composed by] King Wên knew what he must be like as a man.

Master Hsiang-tzŭ said, "I venture to ask how you knew the song was by King Wên?"

Confucius said, "A man characterized by jên values repression; 66 (?) a harmonious man values decoration; a wise man values simplicity, 67 (?) and a man with the intention of being sincere values beauty. (??) This is how I knew it was song by King Wên." 68

Traditionally, 69 that man is a saint who penetrates to the true nature of a thing from having experienced [only] its external manifestations.

8 70

As ruler [the tyrant] Chou put the people's strength to work, 71 and imposed unjust and cruel commands on the populace, while lamentable and wicked deeds were loosed upon the great ministers. His underlings were not trustworthy, and the people were bitter and resentful. For these reasons the empire rebelled, wishing to be under King Wên; [the tyrant] Chou brought it on himself. Though he had the rank of emperor and the wealth of the empire, 72 when the armies of Chou arrived, his commands were not carried out by his attendants. Alas, in that time [of extremity], though he had sought [the status of] an ordinary man, he could not have achieved [so much]. The Ode says, 73

Yin's rightful heir to the heavenly seat 74
Was not permitted to possess the kingdom. 75

9 76

Though the five colors 77 be brilliant, at times they will fade; the luxuriant [foliage] of a tree 78 in season will fall. Living things have [their periods of] growth and decay; they do not attain constancy. So the Way of the Three Kings: made to revolve, it returns to its original state; pushed to the extreme, it reverts to its fundamental basis. It is not merely a matter of change for its own sake, but it is to rectify 79 evil and support the weak, eliminate error and overcome the false, to harmonize yin and yang and to act in agreement with the proclivities of all things. The Ode says, 80

Ever active was King Wên, 81
Giving law and rules to the four quarters [of the kingdom].

10 82

Li resembles the form of Heaven and Earth. 83 While [li] is in accord with human feelings, it goes on to bring them under control. 84 Without li, how would it be possible to rectify oneself? Without a teacher, how can one know the correctness of li? If you approve of what li approves, it is because your feelings are at rest in li. If you speak as your teacher speaks, it is because your knowledge is equal to your teacher's. When your feelings are at rest in li and your knowledge is equal to your teacher's, then 85 yours is the way of the superior man. When words correspond with reason and conduct is in accordance with the true principle, 86 the empire is in accord. The Ode says, 87

Without consciousness of effort on your part,
In accordance with the pattern of God.

11

If superiors do not know enough to be obedient and filial, the people will not know enough to revert to the fundamental; if the prince does not know enough to revere the aged, the people will not know enough to honor their parents. If the sacrifices are not reverently carried out, and hills and streams lose their seasonal [offerings], the people will have no [sense of] fear. If they are punished without instruction, 88 the people will not respond to admonition. Hence when the ruler improves himself until he is [wholly] filial, the people do not rebel. When reverence and filial piety penetrate to [the masses] below, the people know about love for parents. [The differences between] good and evil is made clear among the populace, and inferiors respond to their superiors like shadow or echo. This is the essential method for simultaneously governing the empire, establishing [all] within the seas, and making subjects of the people; it is one that the enlightened king or the sage ruler cannot for one moment neglect. The Ode says, 89

He secured the confidence due to a king,
And became the pattern of all below him.
Ever thinking how to be filial,
His filial mind was the model [which he supplied].

12 90

In King Ch`êng's time there were three sprouts that grew up through a mulberry [leaf] 91 and united to put forth a single ear of grain large enough nearly to fill a cart and long enough nearly to cover the bed of a wagon. King Ch`êng asked the Duke of Chou, "What is this thing?"

The Duke of Chou said, "It seems to me that three sprouts united into a single ear of grain [means] that the empire is now about to become unified."

Three years after this in fact 92 the ruler of Yüeh-shang 93 [sent a mission] with nine interpreters 94 to present 95 to the Duke of Chou some white pheasants. [The envoy said,] 96 "So distant was the road, so secluded 97 the mountains and so deep the rivers, that it was feared an envoy 98 would not reach here without the aid of many interpreters."

The Duke of Chou [declined] 99 saying, "Why should I be given a present?"

The interpreter said, "We received the order from the elders of my state who said, 100 `For a long time in the heavens there have been no sudden winds or quick rains, and on the sea no waves or inundations. For three years it has been thus. It seems to us probable that there is a sage in the Middle Kingdom. Why not go pay court to him?' Whereupon we came."

The Duke of Chou then respectfully received 101 that which they had brought. The Ode says, 102

For myriads of years,
Will there not be their helpers? 103

13

For the pleasure of seeing far after climbing to a height and standing by a gulf, towers and lookouts do not provide so elevated an outlook as hills and mountains. For the pleasure of looking out across a plain and getting an extensive view, ponds and [artificial] lakes do not provide so wide a vista as rivers and [natural] lakes.

He troubles his heart and pains his mind, gives rein to his desires and goes to the extreme in his likes, wastes property and does violence to his feelings, sullies his reputation and shortens his life: alas! alas! that a ruler in extremity should turn from this way [of natural economy] and worry the people! The Ode says, 104

The ruler 105 turned against [the right way],
And the lower people are full of distress. 106

14

The Confucian is pliant; 107 the meaning of the word ju is emptiness. 108 (?) It is an immutable technique [of living]. In the thousand undertakings and the ten thousand transformations their Way is unexhausted—such are the Six Classics. Now as to appropriate relations between prince and subject, the love between father and son, the distinction between husband and wife, and precedence between friends—these are what the Confucian takes care to preserve; daily he "cuts and polishes" 109 without ceasing. Though he live in a poor alley and in a wretched hut, not having enough to fill his emptiness or to clothe himself, and though he be without so much as an awl's point of territory, still his understanding is sufficient to control the empire. When he is employed in a greater capacity, he has the makings of a nobleman. If he is employed in a lesser capacity and given office, he will be a minister to whom may be entrusted the destiny of the state. Though he live secluded in a mountain cave, kings and feudal lords will be unable to contest his fame. 110 Why is this? Simply because from him is an emanation of jên and i. Should he give a king the opportunity to hear his words and rely on his conduct, it would be possible to see [again] the methods of T`ang and Yü, 111 while the sound of songs of praise would become audible. The Ode says, 112

The ancients had a saying:—
`Consult the grass and firewood gatherers.'

[It shows that] they got advice from all sources. 113

15 114

There is a traditional saying: That the Son of Heaven can stay inside the curtain in his great room, seated on the mat wearing his imperial robes 115 and slippers, without looking outside the door, and [still] have a broad knowledge of [the affairs of] the empire is due to his sage counselors. Thus viewing a thing alone is not so good as viewing it in company for clearness; hearing a thing alone is not so good as hearing it in company for understanding; thinking about a thing alone is not so good as thinking about it in company for effectiveness. Hence the enlightened king brings sage ministers together and goes forward with them, thereby everywhere attaining the right and attracting gentlemen living in retirement. The Ode says, 116

The ancients had a saying:—
`Consult the grass and firewood gathers.'

This is illustrated above.

16

When Heaven is established in its height, sun and moon achieve their brilliance; when Earth is established in its mass, hills and mounds achieve their positions; 117 when superiors are established in the True Way, all things are properly ordered. After the decline of the [Royal] House 118 of Chou, the Kingly Way disappeared and did not [again] rise up. Li and i were broken off and not continued.

In Ch`in times li and i were held in disrepute, the Shih and the Shu were discarded, and antiquity was neglected. The Way of the saints was completely destroyed, and [people] devoted themselves solely to vain and perverse practices. Avarice was the usual thing, accusations and arrests 119 were common, and the empire was in great confusion. Whereupon troops were employed and fire flared up. 120 Living outside, exposed to the elements, the people considered exactions, robbery and stealing from one another the ordinary practice. Every day they were further separated in time from the radiance of the Saintly Kings. They had never viewed the Way of jên and i, nor received the influence of rites (li) and music. Since they were unscrupulous and without ritual (li), dignified and respectful conduct daily degenerated. 121 Violently they threatened one another with force and military power. Irresponsibly they became sycophants and did not flee disaster and suffering. This is why they were difficult to govern.

Man has six desires. His eyes desire to see good-looking colors, his ears desire to hear [the notes] kung and shang,122 his nose desires to smell fragrant odors; his mouth desires to taste fine flavors, his four limbs desire repose and inactivity; of clothing he likes the elegant and embroidered, the light and warm. These six are the six desires of the people. Neglecting them results in trouble; acting in accord with them, in harmony. Hence the Saintly King, in instructing the people, always makes a point of following their desires, employing ritual (li) to restrain them; he accords always with their wishes, using i to control them. I being simple and complete, ritual (li) being easy and regulated, and [neither] departing far from [human] desires, the people as a result obey orders quickly. Confucius, knowing how easy the Way is put into action, said, "The Ode says, 123

The enlightenment of the people is very easy.

—these are not empty words.

17 124

It is the nature of a cocoon to make silk thread, but if it is not first heated in boiling water by the woman whose job it is, and then unraveled and put into order, 125 it will not become silk thread. It is the nature of an egg to make a chick; but without a good hen to cover it and protect it for days on end, it will not become a chick. Now the nature of man is good, but without the support of an enlightened king or saintly ruler who will make him intimate with the True Way, he will not become a superior man. The Ode says, 126

Heaven gave birth to the multitudes 127 of the people,
But the nature it confers is not to be depended on. 128
All are [good] at first,
But few prove themselves to be so at the last.

It says that it may be brought about only with an enlightened king or saintly ruler.

18

One whose knowledge is like a spring and whose conduct can be taken as representative of good manners is a teacher. One whose knowledge can be improved 129 and whose conduct can be considered helpful 130 is a friend. One who holds to the law, sticks to the duties of his office, and dares not do wrong is a clerk. 131 One who, standing before [his master], confirms his ideas (?) and answers every call with repeated assent is a servant. Thus the superior ruler makes the teacher his assistant; the mediocre ruler makes the friend his assistant; the inferior ruler makes the clerk his assistant; the ruler who is headed for destruction makes the servant his assistant. As the saying has it, "If the pond is big, the fish in it will be large; if the ruler is enlightened, his ministers will be intelligent." 132 When two persons on looking at each other find their intentions in accord, they will always follow a mean. 133 (?) Thus persons 134 with the same sight will see eye-to-eye; those with the same ear for sounds will listen to one another; and those with the same intentions will follow one another's suggestions. Only a sage can use a sage. Truly, the ministers and assistants who are employed in office are the pivot between survival and extinction, and the key to success and failure. Can one but take care? The Ode says, 135

All unintelligent are you of your [proper] virtue,
And so you have no [good] men behind you, nor by your side. 136
Without any intelligence of your [proper] virtue,
You have no [good] intimate adviser nor minister."

19 137

Of old through Yü the Hsia was ruled, and through Chieh the Hsia was lost. Through T`ang the Yin was ruled, and through Chou the Yin was lost. Thus there is no state always static, 138 nor a people [always] ready to be ruled. If it gets a sage, [the state] will be prosperous; if it gets an unworthy [ruler] 139 it will be lost: from antiquity to the present time this has always been the case. Now a bright mirror is the means of reflecting the form, and the past is the means of knowing the present. For to know enough to detest that whereby ancient [dynasties] fell and not follow the methods by which they preserved themselves, 140 is no different from seeking to catch up with the man ahead of you by walking backwards. The proverb says, "If you do not know whom to make an officer, look at a task which he has completed." Another says, "If the chariot ahead turns over and the one following does not take warning, then it too will overturn." Truly, that which brought about the fall of the Hsia was practiced by the Yin, and that which brought about the fall of the Yin was practiced by the Chou. Hence the Yin could have used the Hsia as a mirror, and the Chou could have used the Yin as a mirror. The Ode says, 141

The beacon of Yin is not far distant: 142
It is in the age of the last sovereign of Hsia.

20 143

There is a traditional saying: The prince whose pride is excessive rarely has loyal [subjects], 144 and the man who speaks a great deal is seldom sincere. Just as a tree that can be compassed by the hand has no branches that would fill the embrace, neither does a small stream 145 contain any fish that could swallow a boat. If the roots are shallow, the branches and leaves will be scrubby; if the roots are broken off, then branches and leaves will wither. The Ode says, 146

Its branches and leaves are yet uninjured,
It is the trunk that broke off first.

Calamity or fortune each appears naturally and of itself (?).

21 147

If the water or pool is deep and broad, dragons and fish will live in it. If mountain forests are flourishing, birds and beasts will go to them. 148 If li and i are polished and made brilliant, the superior man will embrace them. Thus when the practice of li reaches the individual, his conduct is improved; when the practice of li149 reaches to a state, its government becomes brilliant. If one is able to support himself with li, his honorable name will automatically become prominent, and the empire will be obedient. His commands will be put into effect, his prohibitions will be observed, and the task of the ruler will be complete. The Ode says, 150

To an upright virtuous conduct,
All in the four quarters of the state render obedient homage.

This is illustrated above.

22 151

Confucius said, "In offering advice, the [proper] method is to begin by putting it on a plane of solemnity, to establish it on a note of rectitude, hold to 152 it with strength, illustrate it with metaphors, make it clear by establishing distinctions, 153 and express it with joy and friendliness. 154 Make it valuable and rare, make it worthy of honor and respect. Advice of which these things are true will always be put to use. This is what is known as being able to esteem what one values. Now as to outlandish advice, unpatterned behavior, and carping words, the superior man bewares of them."

The Ode says, 155

Do not be rash in your words,
Do not say, "Let it pass."

23

Now if the people on the one hand do not lack food, and on the other 156 do not suffer from cold, they can be taught and governed through li and i. The Ode says, 157

We offer to our ancestors, male and female,
And provide for all ritual.

When all ritual (li) is provided for, all wishes are realized; when all wishes are realized, yin and yang are in harmony. When yin and yang are in harmony, hot and cold are equalized; when hot and cold are equalized, the three radiances 158 are clear; when the three radiances are clear, wind and rain are seasonable; when wind and rain are seasonable, all living things are at peace. Under such circumstances the Way of Heaven is operative. In this way [a ruler] may know the empire without going outside his door, and without looking out of his window he can view the Way of Heaven. The Ode says,

"Here is a wise man;—
His views and words reach to a hundred li." 159
"Oh! Happy was the king's leadership;
He followed the principle of nourishment in times of darkness." 160

It says he nourished them even in the darkness.

24 161

To Heaven belong the four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter, 162 with wind, rain, hoar frost, and dew; [in the action of] all and each of these [there] is a lesson. 163 When the personal character is pure and bright, the spirit and mind are like those of a spiritual being. When what such a person desires is about to come, there are sure to be premonitions of it in advance, [as when] Heaven [is about to] send down seasonable rain, clouds come out from hills and streams. The Ode says, 164

Grandly 165 lofty are the mountains,
With their large masses 166 reaching to the heavens.
From these mountains was sent down a Spirit.
Who gave birth to [the princes of] Fu and Shên.
Fu and Shên
Are the support of Chou,
Screens 167 to all the States,
Diffusing [their influence] over the four quarters of the kingdom.

Such was the virtue of [Kings] Wên and Wu. 168

The rulers of the Three Dynasties always were preceded by their good names. 169 The Ode says, 170

Very intelligent is the Son of Heaven;
His good fame shall be without end.
Let him display his civil virtues,
Till they permeate all quarters of the kingdom.

Such was the virtue of King T`ai. 171

25 172

Borrowing the blue color of the indigo plant, a [dyed] thread is bluer than indigo. 173 Borrowing the yellow color of earth, a [dyed] thread is yellower than earth. If even the blue of indigo and the yellow of earth can be borrowed, cannot the substance of jên and i certainly be borrowed?

In the Eastern Sea there are fish called the tieh,174 which go about sharing their [single] eyes. Unless they are two together, they cannot get anywhere. In the north there are animals called lou, one of which eats while the other keeps watch. 175 Unless they are two together, they cannot eat their fill. In the south there are birds called chien, which fly by combining their [single] wings. Unless they are two together they cannot get up [off the ground]. In the west 176 there are animals called chüeh, whose front legs are those of a rat and whose hind legs are those of a rabbit. When it gets sweet grass, it always takes it in its mouth and gives it to the ch`ung-ch`ung-chü-hsü;177 not that by instinct it loves the ch`ung-ch`ung-chü-hsü, but that it may avail itself of its legs. 178

Now if even birds, beasts, and fishes depend on one another, 179 how much the more lamentable that the ruler of [a state of] ten thousand chariots 180 should be the only one not to know enough to avail himself of the company 181 of the empire's heroes and worthies and associate himself with them. Truly it is said, clarity supported by clarity will rise up to Heaven; obscurity supported by clarity will attract the right men; but it is pure luck if two blind men supporting each other do not injure [themselves against] a wall or a tree, or fall into a well or a hole. The Ode says, 182

There is a man unobservant of the right,
Whose goings 183 will be according to his inward 184 filthiness.

This [speaks of] 185 going in obscurity.

26

Prosperity takes it rise from non-interference, and trouble from desiring too much. 186 If one knows enough to be content, riches will follow; if one has the qualities appropriate to a ruler, honor will follow. Hence one with high rank who is deficient in these qualities would not be honored 187 though he should be Son of Heaven, and one who covets material goods without knowing where to stop would not be rich though he should possess the empire. Now the produce of the land does not increase [indefinitely], and the products of mountains and lakes are exhaustible. Cherishing an insatiable mind 188 to seek things whose increase is limited, and fostering desires a hundredfold to seek exhaustible property—this is how Chieh and Chou lost their thrones. The Ode says, 189

Great winds have a path;—
The covetous men subvert their peers.

27 190

Duke Ai asked Tzŭ-hsia, "Is it necessarily true that only after study one can keep a state at peace and protect the people?"

Tzŭ-hsia said, "There has never been such a thing as keeping a state at peace and protecting the people without having studied."

Duke Ai said, "Did the Five Emperors then have their teachers?"

Tzŭ-hsia said, "I have heard that Huang-ti studied under T`ai-chên. 191 Chuan-hsü studied under Lu T`u. 192 The Emperor K`u studied under Ch`ih Sung-tzŭ. 193 Yao studied under Wu-ch`êng Tzŭ-fu. Shun studied under Yin Shou. 194 Yŭ studied under Hsi-wang Kuo. 195 T`ang studied under Tai Tzŭ-hsiang. 196 King Wên studied under Hsi-ch`ou Tzŭ-ssŭ. 197 King Wu studied under T`aikung. The Duke of Chou studied under Kuo Shu. 198 Chung-ni studied under Lao Tan. Had these eleven sages not met with these teachers, it would not have been possible for their accomplishments199 to appear in the empire, or for their names to be transmitted to later generations."

The Ode says, 200

Erring in nothing, forgetful of nothing,
Observing and following the old statutes.

28

Now as to virtue (), it encompasses the magnitude 201 of Heaven and Earth; it matches the brilliance of sun and moon. It establishes the harmony 202 of the four seasons and overlooks 203 the interchanges of yin and yang. It is unmoved by cold and heat; it is unchanged by the four seasons. It is more shrinking than the extreme of yin, yet is not damp; it is more expansive than the extreme of yang, yet it is not dessicated. Fresh, clean, pure, and bright in its perfection; stern, majestic, resolute, 204 and prompt in its spirituality; most refined and subtle essence 205 between Heaven and Earth—[such] is virtue. Who but the sage can partake of it? The Ode says, 206

Virtue is light as a hair,
But few are able to lift it.

29

As in a year of drought, when the grass does not attain to luxuriance, 207 and then Heaven, bringing forth an abundance of clouds, sends down torrents of rain, 208 so that of living things none but rise up, [even so] among the people there are none in whose hearts jên and i are not rooted. 209 When kingly government through uncertainty and oppression cannot make itself seen, 210 when from worry and anxiety it is unable to appear, then the sage ruler in. . . . , 211 and wearing 212 slippers, is obeyed by the empire without looking outside his door. He sings and the empire accompanies him. How is this achieved? There are those who respond to him. The Ode says, 213

As in a year of drought,
When the grass does not attain to luxuriance.

30 214

What is the Way? It is that whereon the prince travels. 215 What is the prince? He is one who collects; 216 he is called a prince who assembles all living things 217 and ejects what is injurious to them. What is the king? It means a going to. 218 He to whom the empire goes is called king. He is one who is good at giving life to and caring for the people, 219 and so the people esteem him; he is one who is good at distinguishing and governing the people, and so the people are content with him; he is one who is good at displaying and employing people, 220 and so the people love him. He is good at embellishing people, and so the people rejoice in him. If in these four essentials 221 he is complete, the empire will go to him. If of these four essentials he lacks one, the empire will leave him. He to whom they go is called king, and he whom they leave is called lost. 222 Truly it is said that if the Way is preserved the state will be preserved, and if the Way is lost the state will be lost.

Now he limits [the numbers of] craftsmen and merchants, and makes farmers many; he exercises vigilance toward bandits and expels the lewd and the depraved; this is how he gives life to and cares for them (= the people). The Son of Heaven has the san kung,223 and [each] of the feudal lords has one minister. The Great Officers attend to their duties; the officers look after their offices. None but are controlled and in order. This is how he distinguishes and governs them. From determining virtue he fixes precedence, from measuring ability he bestows office. Sages are made san kung; those next [to the sages] 224 are made feudal lords, and those next to them are made Great Officers: [this is how he displays and employs them. He refines caps and gowns. Decoration and ornamentation, engraving and carving,—each has its status:] 225 this is how he embellishes them. Hence from Son of Heaven to commoner there is none who does not fulfill 226 his ability and achieve his ambition, [or who is not] content with his task: in this all are alike. Now by multiplying colors, patterns are perfected, and by refining flavors, rare things are created. It is through such [methods] that the saint distinguishes between the sage and the fool 227 and shows up the worthwhile and the cheap.

Truly when the Way is attained, grace flows to the people and prosperity comes back to the nobles. When grace flows to the people, inferiors are at peace and in harmony. When prosperity comes back to the nobles, superiors are respected and honored. Since the people all cherish feelings of peace and harmony, they support their superiors with pleasure. This is what is called "inferiors in order and superiors informed." When inferiors are in order and superiors informed, because of this sounds of praise arise. The Ode says, 228

Blessing is sent down in large measure;
Careful and exact is our deportment;
We have drunk, and we have eaten to the full;
Our happiness and dignity will be prolonged. 229

31

The saintly man nourishes a unique nature and governs his six ch`i;230 he stands by a unique fate and is temperate in what he eats. 231 He governs the empire in a grand manner, not neglecting small matters. 232 Preserving the essential spirit so as to fill up a due mean 233 is called determination. 234 The Ode says, 235

He was neither violent nor remiss,
Neither hard nor soft.

It speaks of attaining to a due mean.

32

Gentlemen of the court having gone [there] do not come out because of the remuneration. Gentlemen in retirement having gone away do not come back 236 because of their reputation. To enter [the court] and still be able to come out; to go away [into retirement] and still be able to return, constant through change— such is the behavior of the saint. The Ode says, 237

He was neither violent nor remiss,
Neither hard nor soft.

It speaks of attaining to a due mean.

33 238

Confucius was sitting by [one of the] Chi-sun [family]. The Chi-sun's minister T`ung 239 said, "If the prince should send someone to borrow a horse, should it be given him?"

Confucius said, "I have heard that when a prince takes [a thing] from his subject, it is termed `taking'; one does not speak of `borrowing.' "

The Chi-sun understood and said to the minister T`ung, "From now on when your prince takes a thing, call it taking. Do not speak of borrowing."

Confucius rectified 240 the expression "borrowing a horse," and as a result the proper relation between prince and subject was established.

The Lun yü says, 241 "What is necessary is to rectify names." The Ode says, 242

The prince should not lightly utter his words. 243

Notes

1. Confucius is made to express himself more cautiously in Analects 161 (3/20): "The kuan-chü is expressive of enjoyment without being licentious, and of grief without being hurtfully excessive."

2. It is necessary to understand ## after ##.

3. I follow CHy, B, C and read ## for ##.

4. Out of context this sentence would mean "That which connects all things and on which human life is dependent is fate."

5. Cf. Yi King 374 (hsi-tz`u), "The Ho gave forth the map and the Lo the writing, of [both of] which the sages took advantage."

6. ## lit., "soared." Similar constructions occur in Analects 232 (10/8.5): ## ##, and Yi King 349 (hsi-tz`ŭ) ##.

7. These are omens of a Golden Age; cf. Analects 219 (9/8), "The Master said, `The Fêng bird does not come; the river sends forth no map;—it is all over with me!' "

8. I follow CHy, B, C and read ## for ##.

9. ##. "Except by following the way of the kuan-chü, how is the subject of the kuan-chü going to achieve its end?" The text is corrupt. My translation is arrived at by taking the negative ## with ##, but it can hardly be correct.

10. I. e., Shih, Shu, Li, Yüeh, I, Ch`un-ch`iu.

11. Shih 463 No. 244/6.

12. Cf. Shih 3 No. 1/2: ## "Waking and sleeping he thought of her." Or perhaps from the line just quoted, ##, with the meaning, "do it homage in thought."

13. Shih 4 No. 1/3.

14. Read ## with HSWC 1/16; see note 13.

15. ##: the principles of Heaven.

16. Shih 463 No. 244/6.

17. Shih 57 No. 35/4.

18. Taken from Hsün-tzŭ 5.1a-2a (Dubs 121-2), but with some omissions and variation in the sequence of sentences; see note 10.

19. Yang Liang here quotes Analects 353 (20/2.3), "To put the people to death without having instructed them;—this is called cruelty," and observes that chief criminals constitute an exception.

20. ## in the sense of ##.

21. ##: the tablet of the father was placed on the left ## and that of the son on the right ## of the ancestral temple, so that successive generations faced one another; cf. Li Ki 1.287-8 (3/3.4) and diagram. Yang Liang says, "Sages occupy a higher position; unworthy persons occupy a lower position."

22. CHy, B, C have ##. Hsün-tzŭ has ##.

23. ##: D has ##; Chou and CHy have reversed these after Hsün-tzŭ. B, C have ##.

24. Read ## as above (note 5) for ##.

25. I follow CHy and delete ##.

26. B, C have ## for ##. CHy thinks ## was corrupted to ##, which was then incorrectly emended to ##. I follow him and read ## as in Hsün-tzŭ.

27. The text between brackets has suffered considerable disarrangement, but is easily restored on the basis of Hsün-tzŭ. The following reconstruction is due to Chou and CHy: ## 。 ## ## 。 ## 。 ##.

28. Chou would add ## from Hsün-tzŭ. CHy would emend the preceding ## ## to ##, in spite of having already said that the phrase has been displaced. I follow Chou. Yang Liang enumerates the five: dumb ##, deaf ##, lame ##, mutilated ##, stunted ##.

29. I follow CHy and emend ## to ## from Hsün-tzŭ.

30. CHy omits ## with Hsün-tzŭ. Cf. Shu ching 166 (3/4.2.4): ##.

31. CHy follows Hsün-tzŭ and writes ## for ##.

32. Shih 84 No. 52/1.

33. From Hsün-tzŭ 8.4a-5b, where a different couplet from the Shih is quoted at the end.

34. ##: CHy has ##. likewise Hsün-tzŭ.

35. Read ## for ## with Hsün-tzŭ. (Chou.)

36. ##. Yü Yüeh (CYTT 17.7b) calls attention to the contrast between ## and ##, where ## would be the expected word: cf. HSWC 9/12, note 5.

37. Omit ## with CHy, B, C.

38. ##. This may be corrupt. Hsün-tzŭ has ##, but of a different topic.

39. Shih 321 No. 193/2.

40. Modified from Hsün-tzŭ 4.16a-19b (Dubs 108-113).

41. Cf. HSWC 4/22.

42. For ## read ## as in Hsün-tzŭ. (Chou.)

43. ##: lit., "a thousand beginnings and ten thousand changes."

44. Cf. Li Ki 2.600: "Confucius said, `As a youth, when I lived in Lu, I wore a gown with large sleeves.' "

45. ##. The words ## and ## are from Yang Liang's quotation of HSWC. B, C, D have ##, as in Hsün-tzŭ: "It is enough to throw into confusion the practices of the time."

46. Delete ## with CHy after Hsün-tzŭ.

47. Analects 151 (2/17).

48. Reverse ## as in Hsün-tzŭ and in Yang Liang's quotation. (Chou, CHy.)

49. Chou adds ##, and would punctuate after ##. I follow B, C, D.

50. For this punctuation cf. Yü Yüeh and Wang Hsien-ch`ien.

51. For ## B, C have ## "in the space of one morning." D has ##, and CHy has ##. Chou and CHy have emended from Hsün-tzŭ, accepting Yang Liang's gloss on ## as ## "hegemon." Wang Nien-sun points out the resulting inconsistancy in Hsün-tzŭ's argument, and would read ## with D. He paraphrases, "In one morning his name is manifest in the empire" ##. Chao (116) agrees.

52. Shih 427 No. 235/1.

53. For ## read ## as in D; see note 12. CHy, B, C are probably right in omitting this phrase.

54. Modified from Chuang-tzŭ 4.7a-b. Huai-nan tzŭ 12.7a-b follows Chuang-tzŭ.

55. For ## both Chuang-tzŭ and Huai-nan tzŭ have ##.

56. ## i.e., "wheelwright." B, C have ## for ##.

57. For ## CHy and D have ## "changed."

58. Yao and Shun.

59. Shih 431 No. 235/7.

60. This occurs in Shih chi 47.15b-16a (Mém. hist. 5.349-51) in a slightly modified form. Chia-yü 8.6a-b is closer to Shih-chi, but with some phrases in common with HSWC.

61. ##. Ch`u-hsüeh chi 16.3b has ## (CHy), and Li Shan's com. on Wên hsüan 34.5a has ##. (Chao 127.) Analects 338 (18/9.5) mentions a Hsiang who was "master of the musical stone" ## (Chou), but Liang Yü-shêng ## (quoted by Ch`ên Ch`iao-ts`ung, I-shuo k`ao 11.7b) denies that they are the same person. However Chia-yü says ##.

62. ## 。 ##. CHy adds this from Ch`u-hsüeh chi; Po-t`ieh 18.96a has ##. (Chao 128.)

63. ##. Ch`u-hsüeh chi has ## after ##. (CHy.) Neither Chia-yü nor Shih chi make this part of Confucius' speech, and I suspect that ## has been displaced by attraction of the phrase ## which occurs repeatedly above.

64. ##. D has ##. B, C have ## "in silent thought." Chao thinks this is an arbitrary emendation of ##. Cf. Chavannes' note 2, p. 350.

65. ##. B, C have ## "in sorrowful dejection." Chia-yü has ## for ##, and Chou says they are equivalent. Cf. Shih 161 No. 106: ##.

66. As Sun I-jang (Cha-i 2.1a) points out. ## makes no sense here. He proposes ##, alluding to HFT 8.6a: ## "Hsi-mên Pao was of a hasty disposition and so wore a leather thong at his belt to slow himself down." Chao approves this emendation.

67. No dictionary meaning of ## makes any sense here, and I suggest reading ## by analogy with ## above; see note 7.

68. Because only he combined in himself all these qualities as revealed by the music.

69. B, C begin a new paragraph with this.

70. Hsin hsü 6.1b has a similar passage. CHy does not separate this paragraph from the preceding one.

71. ##. Chou suggests that the text is defective here. Hsin hsü is essentially the same.

72. This cliché occurs also in SY 10.16a.

73. Shih 432 No. 236/1.

74. For ## Shih k`ao 19b has ##. (CHy.) Ch`ên Ch`iao-ts`ung (I-shuo k`ao 11.7a) gives no suggestion as to how ## might be interpreted.

75. For Mao shih ## HSWC has ##. Ch`ên (ibid.) says the words were interchangeable.

76. Huai-nan tzŭ 20.6a is similar.

77. ##: blue ##, yellow ##, red ##, white ##, and black ##.

78. ##: PWYF cites only this passage. Sun I-jang (Cha-i 2.1b) thinks ## is an error for ## = ##, "branches." Chao (129) quotes Mo T`ien-i ##, who interprets the expression as similar to ## in *Yü p`ien 12.5a s.v. ## ## "The united shade of two trees," and refers to Huai-nan tzŭ 16.18b Mo's remarks are, as Chao observes, far fetched. Preferable in Chu Ch`i-fêng's suggestion (TT 302) that ## is a mistake for ## as in ## (Yang Hsiung's `Shu-tu fu' ##, *Ku wên yüan 4.8b). He identifies ## with ## "luxuriant" and quotes Shih chi 28.29a ## "The abundance of this year's harvest is not yet repaid." This accords well with the Huai-nan tzŭ reading ## "flourishing trees and luxuriant plants."

79. B, C have ## for ##.

80. Shih 444 No. 238/5.

81. ##. This line occurs in Shih 428 No. 235/2. CHy, B, C have ##, which is the line immediately preceding the next in Shih 444 No. 238/5. Chou insists on the mixed quotation. Ch`ên Ch`iao-ts`ung (I-shuo k`ao 11.13a-b) ascribes it to No. 238/5 as a Han shih variant. There is no difference in meaning, as ## is here King Wên, and the binom ## occurs elsewhere as a variant of ##. (Cf. Ch`ên, ibid.) Further, No. 238 is necessary to preserve the sequence from No. 236 (§ 8) to No. 241 (§ 10).

82. This paragraph is a modification of Hsün-tzŭ 1.22a-b.

83. ##. CHy, B, C have ## for ##. Yü Yüeh (CYTT 17.6a) would emend to ##, in the sense of ## as in Li Ki 2.83 (17/3.2): ## "Li and music resemble the nature of Heaven and Earth" (Legge 2.114). As the character ## is not in Shuo wên, Yü assumes it was formerly written ##, for which he takes ## to be a graphic error. ## he thinks was a scribal emendation. I have followed Yü. (Chao 130.)

84. ##: cf. Li Ki 1.202 (2/2.1): "Beating the breast, and leaping are extreme expressions of grief, but the number of such acts is limited, as well as the timing and the manner." (Legge 1.169.)

85. ## is preferable to ## as in B, C.

86. Analects 337 (18/8.3), but with ## for ##.

87. Shih 454 No. 241/7.

88. Analects 353 (20/2.3), with ## for ##.

89. Shih 459 No. 243/3.

90. SSTC 4.3b relates the story of the three sprouts growing together, and ibid. 4a-5a tells of the mission from Yüeh-shang; the latter is translated by Legge in Shu ching 536, along with the HSWC version. SY 18.13a-b seems to be based on both SSTC and HSWC.

91. SSTC has ##.

92. B, C have ## for ##.

93. ##. B, C have ## for ##; CHy has ##. SSTC and SY both have ##. All three are arch. *d̑i̭ang.

94. ##. Lei-chü 8.8a, Po-t`ieh 2.40b, and Li Shan's com. on Wên hsüan 20.25a have ## for ##, likewise SY. TPYL 785.2a omits any number, while Li Shan's com. on Wên hsüan 46.22a, quoting SSTC, has ##. Both three and nine are "complete" numbers and not to be taken literally.

95. B, C, D have ## before ##; likewise TPYL 872.1b, 401.4b, and Li Shan's com. on Wên hsüan 3.33b. (Chao.) This reading implies that the ruler of Yüeh-shang came himself; the ## in the next line makes it unlikely.

96. CHy supplies ## from TPYL 401.4b, 872.2a.

97. For ## SSTC, SY have the easier reading ## "dangerous.'

98. SY has — before ##.

99. TPYL has ## before ##. (CHy.)

100. For ## read ## with CHy, B, C. Likewise Lei-chü and TPYL. (Chao 132.)

101. For ## read ## as in SY.

102. Shih 460 No. 243/6.

103. TPYL 872.2a quotes Shih 381 No. 212/3,

The clouds form in dense masses,
And the rain comes down slowly.

and adds, "From this we may clearly know that in [a time of] the Great Peace there are no sudden winds or violent rains." This belongs to HSWC 8/20. (Chao.)

104. Shih 499 No. 254/1.

105. ## for Han Ying meant "ruler," as it did for Mao (cf. Legge's note in loc.). Legge translates "God."

106. For ## read ## with Ch`ên Ch`iao-ts`ung.

107. ##: cf. Shuo wên 3483-4: ##. Punning definitions of this sort occur also in HSWC 5/19. 5/30.

108. ## in the Taoist sense?

109. Shih 91 No. 55/1.

110. Hsün-tzŭ 4.3b is similar. (Chou.)

111. Yao and Shun.

112. Shih 501 No. 254/3.

113. ## lit., "broadly."

114. Hsin hsü 5.9a is similar.

115. Chou thinks ## should be supplied after ##.

116. Shih 501 No. 254/3.

117. For ## read ## with Chih-yao 8.22b. (Chao 133.)

118. CHy, B, C have ## "fall" for ##.

119. ##. B, C have ## for ##. Chu Ch`i-fêng (TT 2466) would make ## (*liap) a phonetic borrowing for ## (*kiat). This is unlikely, though the combination ## is common, and Chao accepts it. Yü Yüeh (CYTT 17.6a) explains it as ## "arrest" and paraphrases, "accusations are made to the officials, who arrest and punish them." Chao thinks this is far fetched, but I follow it for lack of a better explanation.

120. For ## CHy, D write ## "there were great uprisings."

121. For ## CHy, B, C write ## "increased."

122. The first two notes of the scale.

123. Shih 502 No. 254/6.

124. Huai-nan tzŭ 20.4b is similar. Tung Chung-shu (CCFL 10.8a) applies the metaphors of the cocoon and the egg to his own theory of human nature.

125. Chao (134) would here add ## from Huai-nan tzŭ to balance with the next phrase.

126. Shih 505 No. 255/1.

127. For ## CHy has ## as in Mao shih.

128. For ## CHy writes ## as in Shih k`ao 21a; cf. I-shuo k`ao 13.1a.

129. ##. Chih-yao 8.23a, Ch`ang-tuan ching 1.9b have a better reading: ##. (Chao 134.)

130. ##: Chih-yao has ## "an instrument for straightening a bow." Ch`ang-tuan ching has ## "to warn." (Chao.)

131. ##. *Shih t`ung 11.2a-b in quoting this writes ##, likewise TPYL 235.2a. CHy and Chao (135) agree that it makes no sense here.

132. A similar aphorism occurs in Shih chi 129.3a: ## ## "When the pond is deep, fish grow in it; when the hills are deep (= secluded), animals go to them." Cf. HSWC 5/21.

133. ##. Chih-yao has ## "To see the superior, it is necessary to procede from the inferior." Likewise Ch`ang-tuan ching, but with ## for ##. (Chao.) The variants indicate a corrupt text.

134. After ##, and ##, Chih-yao and Ch`ang-tuan ching have ##.

135. Shih 507-8 No. 255/4.

136. Shih k`ao 21a has ## for ## and ## for ##.

137. The first two sentences, containing the pun on ## and ## occur in Hsin shu 10.71b. The Hsin shu passage then (10.71b-13a) develops quite differently; it is followed closely by SY 8.6a-7b.

138. D has ## for ##: "There are no enduring pleasures." Hsin shu 10.73b-74a is again the source for HSWC, both here and for 7/16. SY 8.7b-8b follows Hsin shu. TTLC 3.14a-b is similar.

139. ##. HSWC 7/16 has ## (Chou), but Lei-chü 23.2a agrees with the present reading. (Chao 136.)

140. Li Hsien's com. on Hou-Han shu 54.21b quotes: ## ##. . . "For to know enough to detest the evil of the past without knowing to improve what is good in the present, to know enough to detest that whereby ancient [dynasties] fell and not to know enough to continue the methods by which they preserved themselves. . . ." (Chao.) This however agrees with none of the other citations or parallels.

141. Shih 510 No. 255/8.

142. HSWC 10/15 quotes this line with ## for ##, and Chao thinks the former was the Han shih reading; likewise Ch`ên Ch`iao-ts`ung (I-shuo k`ao 13.4b). However, that the line is quoted in the present context is strong support for the reading ##.

143. Huai-nan tzŭ 10.13a is similar.

144. Huai-nan tzŭ has ## for ## is not a term usually applied to princes.

145. CHy has ## for ##. B, C have ##. Yü Yüeh (CYTT 17.6b-7a) points out that ## is a place name and makes no sense here. For ## he would read ## ## is defined in Shuo-wên as a small stream. (Chao 137.)

146. Shih 510 No. 255/8.

147. This is modified from Hsün-tzŭ 9.9b-10a.

148. A similar phrase occurs in Shih chi 129.3a; cf. HSWC 5/18, note 4.

149. Chou would emend ## to ## as in Hsün-tzŭ.

150. Shih 511 No. 256/2.

151. From Hsün-tzŭ 3.10b. SY 11.1a follows Hsün-tzŭ, beginning "Sun Ch`ing says," but at the end quotes from the same Ode as HSWC.

152. Read ## with Hsün-tzŭ and SY for ##, which here can hardly be used with ##.

153. ##: B. C lack ##.

154. For ## I follow Hsün-tzŭ to read ##, explained by Wang Nien-sun as "friendly." Chu Ch`i-fêng (TT 821) identifies ## with ##, of which he records several variants, including the present SY reading, ##.

155. Shih 514 No. 256/6. I have used Waley's translation (Songs 301). Karlgren (BMFEA 17.78) is essentially the same.

156. ## . . . ##, lit., "the inside . . . the outside [of their bodies]."

157. Shih 586 No. 279; 602 No. 290.

158. ##: sun, moon, and stars; cf. Po-hu t'ung 3.1b.

159. Shih 525 No. 257/10.

160. Shih. 606 No. 293; cf. HSWC 3/20, note 6.

161. This paragraph is the same as Li chi 51.5b-7b (Couvreur 2.397-9). In Chia-yü 8.12a-b it is incorporated into a longer passage which also quotes from the same Ode. I have consulted Legge's translation in Shih, Proleg. 91-2; also in Li Ki 2.281-3.

162. CHy changes to ##, the sequence in Li chi, but Chia-yü and the citation in TPYL 18.6a are the same as the present texts of HSWC. (Chao 137.) From the next phrase one would expect ## and ## to be interchanged, to match each season with its appropriate phenomenon.

163. Li chi continues, "Earth contains the mysterious energy [of nature]. By the wind and thunder-clap the [seeds of] forms are carried abroad, and the various things show the appearance of life:—in all and each of these things there is a lesson."

164. Shih 535 No. 259/1.

165. For ## D has ##, which Ch`ên Ch`iao-ts`ung (I-shuo k`ao 14.1a) takes as the Han shih reading.

166. For ## CHy, B, C follow Mao shih and write ##.

167. For ## Mao shih has ##.

168. B, C begin a new paragraph with the following two lines.

169. ##. Li chi has ## for ##, and Legge there translates "it was necessary that they should be preceded by the fame of their forefathers"; likewise Couvreur. But Legge's translation of the HSWC paragraph is closer to mine.

170. Shih 555 No. 262/6.

171. For ## cf. Mencius 176 (1B/15.1).

172. The exotic animals of this paragraph are also mentioned in *Erh ya B.10b, LSCC 15.15b, and SY 6.1b.

173. The figure seems to be a common one: Shih chi 60.10a: ## ## (This, however, is in a section from the hand of Ch`u Shao-sun.) It would better suit the present argument if the ## following ## could be omitted, so that the line could be rendered "Indigo is possessed of blue and a thread borrows its blue from indigo. Earth is possessed of yellow and a thread borrows its yellow from earth."

174. For ## D has ##. Wang Yin-chih (Ching-i shu wên ## 33b-34a) thinks this latter is a mistake for ##, an alternative form of ##. (Chao 138.)

175. Chih-yao 8.24a has ## for ##: "One eats while the other waits." (Chao.)

176. LSCC, Huai-nan tzŭ 12.4b, and SY all say it is an animal from the north. (Chao 139-40.)

177. ##. SY makes it two animals, the ch`ung-ch`ung and the chü-hsü. Chao (141-2) thinks the evidence is in favor of this, and opines that they were similar creatures, each of which was dependent on the chüeh for its food.

178. Read ## for ## after SY.

179. Chih-yao has ## for ##, probably from the ## in the next phrase.

180. Chih-yao writes ## after ##: "How much the more the ruler, etc." The phrase after ## is certainly long, and the text may be faulty, but punctuating after ## spoils the parallelism between ## . . . ## . . .

181. Read ## with Chih-yao for ##.

182. Shih 525 No. 257/12.

183. ## for Mao shih ##. Ch`ên Ch`iao-ts`ung (I-shuo k`ao 13.16b) suggests that ## is the correct reading here. Since the traditional gloss on the Mao shih reading is ##, it is as likely that ## is a corruption of ##.

184. Read ## with CHy, D for ## or ## as in B, C. (Chao.)

185. Chao suggests adding ##.

186. Cf. HSWC 9/16: ##; also Tao tê ching B/5a, with ## for ##.

187. For ## "respected," I follow Chih-yao 8.24b: ##, as ## and ## are the topic of the whole paragraph. (Chao 143.)

188. ##, lit., "a mind not to be made wealthy."

189. Shih 526 No. 257/13. The point of the quotation seems to lie in the words ##.

190. Hsin hsü 5.1a-b seems to derive from this paragraph. LSCC 4.5a-4a is similar in intention, but includes a longer list of famous teachers.

191. For ## read one of the following variants: ## with TPYL 404.1a, Han shu 20.12a, or ## with Hsin hsü. (CHy.)

192. For ## Hsin hsü has ##. (Chou.)

193. LSCC has ## Po-chao.

194. Hsin hsü reverses ## and ##, and has ## for ##. Hsün-tzŭ 19.3b has ## ##. Han shu 2.7a says Yin-shou was Yao's teacher, and Chou thinks HSWC has interchanged ## and ##. LSCC has ##.

195. ##. Chou says this may have been a sage of the Western Ch`iang ## ##, among whom Yü was supposed to have been born. LSCC has ## Ta-ch`êng Chih.

196. ##. Hsin hsü has ## Wei-tzŭ-po; LSCC has ##.

197. Hsin hsü has ## Chiao-shih for ##.

198. Hsin hsü interchanges Kuo-shu and T`ai-kung. (Chou.)

199. Read ## with CHy for ##.

200. Shih 482 No. 249/2.

201. ##: CHy, D write ## "beauty."

202. ##: CHy, B, C have ## "revolutions."

203. ##: B, C have ## "controls."

204. ##: D has ## "devoted."

205. ##: D has ## "Powerful, pure, and auspicious."

206. Shih 544 No. 260/6.

207. Cf. Shih quoted below.

208. Cf. Mencius 137 (1A/6.6), "When the clouds collect densely in the heavens, they send down torrents of rain."

209. Cf. ibid. 460 (7A/21.4).

210. CHy, B, C have ## for ##, balancing the next phrase ##.

211. ##. There is a lacuna in the text. (Chou); cf. HSWC 5/15: ## ##. Perhaps something like "the inner apartments" should be supplied here.

212. ## is an error for ## as in 5/15. CHy writes ##.

213. Shih 565 No. 265/4.

214. Recast from Hsün-tzŭ 8.5b-7a.

215. A pun on ##.

216. ##: a pun on ##.

217. For ## read ## with TPYL 76.1b; Lei-chü 11.1b has ##. (Chao 144.)

218. ##: a pun on ##.

219. Delete ##. For ## B, C, D have ##; likewise TPYL. Chou and CHy have emended on the basis of Hsün-tzŭ. (Chao.) Cf. the following phrases.

220. For ## CHy follows Hsün-tzŭ to write ##; likewise TPYL. (Chao.) Yü Yüeh explains ## as ## "to magnify." I follow Wang Hsien-ch`ien, who shows that it is used in Hsün-tzŭ as ## "to employ."

221. Wang Hsien-ch`ien glosses ## as ## "important points." TPYL writes ##; likewise below. (Chao.)

222. A pun on ## and ##.

223. ##: cf. HSWC 8/19.

224. For ## read ##. (Chou.) Hsün-tzŭ has ##. B, C, D have ##, influenced by Hsün-tzŭ, which above has ##.

225. ##. Supplied from Hsün-tzŭ by CHy. It seems to belong to the text.

226. For ## Hsün-tzŭ has ## "give free rein to."

227. For ## read ## with CHy, B, C, D. Chou would write ## as in Hsün-tzŭ.

228. Shih 579 No. 274.

229. For ## read ## as in Shih No. 220/3, where Ching-tien shih-wên B.33a says Han shih had that reading for ## in the same line: ##. (I-shuo k`ao 15.9a.)

230. For ## read ## with CHy. B, C have ##. HTNCSW 22.21a mentions the ##, but identifies only five: pure ##, hot ##, cold ##, moist ##, and fêng ##.

231. Cf. Li Ki 1.364 (4/4.36), "They make their diet spare" (Legge 1.275).

232. ##: or "even the meanest man."

233. Cf. Analects 350 (20/1.1), "Sincerely hold fast the due Mean."

234. For ## B, C have ## "a gentleman."

235. Shih 641 No. 304/4.

236. Chao (146) would supply ## before ## and ## from the quotation in Li Hsien's com. on Hou-Han shu 79.20b, 83.3b. I regard it as a contamination from the identical phrases below.

237. Shih 641 No. 304/4.

238. Hsin hsü 5.9a copies HSWC verbatim. Chia-yü 9.31a-b relates the anecdote in different words, perhaps from an independent source.

239. ##: Chia-yü does not supply a name: ## "The Chi-sun's minister visited him and said."

240. Delete ## after ## to agree with Hsin hsü. (Chou, CHy.)

241. Analects 263 (13/3.2).

242. Shih 339 No. 197/8.

243. CHy concludes with ## "Names are rectified."

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