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PART. V. The Dynasty of Chow.

I. King Woo.

Note. Named Fă. Of old time, Këang Yuen, the wife of the emperor Kaou-sin, was assisting him at a sacrifice in the borders in order to obtain a son, when she saw the footstep of a large man, and trod upon it. At the instant she felt after a certain manner, and, becoming pregnant, by and by gave birth to a son. Thinking the whole thing unlucky, she threw the child away in a narrow lane, but the goats and cattle avoided it, and did not trample on it. She then placed it in a wood, where it was found by a woodcutter. She took it then, and laid it upon the ice, and there a large bird came and covered it with one of his wings. Këang Yuen, surprised by all this, received the child at last, and nursed him, giving him the name of `Cast-away.'

The lower part of the child's face was largely developed, and his appearance altogether extraordinary. When he was grown up, he became minister of Agriculture to Yaou, and rendered great services to the people. He is known as prince Tseih. His grandson Kung-lew was eminently virtuous, so that the princes behaved to him with the same ceremonies as they did to the emperor.

In the time of Hwang-te, there had been a prophecy, to the effect that `the chief of the west should become king, in a certain keă-tsze year; that Ch`ang should lay the foundations of the dignity, Fă exercise the judgments necessary to it, and Tan develope its principles.' In the 13th generation, accordingly, from Kung-lew, Ke-leih was born; and in his 10th year, a multitude of flying dragons filled the pasture lands of Yin;—an emblem of a sage in an inferior position, who should in course of time rise to his proper distinction.

The wife of Ke-leih was called T`ae-jin, who became pregnant after dreaming that she had been with a tall man. Afterwards, when relieving nature, she gave birth to Ch`ang. This Ch`ang became king Wăn of Chow. He had a dragon's countenance, with a tiger's shoulders; was 10 cubits high; and had 4 nipples on his chest. His grandfather, king T`ae, said, `It will be Ch`ang, in whom our family shall rise to distinction.' Ke-leih's eldest brother was T`ae-pih who, knowing that Heaven's purpose was to be realized in Ch`ang, went away to Yuĕ, and never returned. His next brother, Chung-yung, followed this example; so that Ke-leih remained to be his father's heir, and the succession descended to Ch`ang, who became chief of the West, and made his capital city in Fung.

The wife of king Wăn was called T`ae-sze. She dreamed that in the courtyard of the imperial palace there were thorns growing, while her eldest son Fă planted some tsze trees about their own gate, which changed into a fir, a cypress, a yih, and a tsŏ. This dream she told to king Wăn, who prepared gifts, and led his ministers along with Fă to give thanks for it.

On the këă-tsze day, in the last month of autumn, a red bird came to Fung with a writing in its beak, which it put down at the door of Ch`ang. Ch`ang received it with a reverential obeisance, and found the writing to this effect:—`Ke Ch`ang is the son of the God of the empyrean. The destroyer of Yin is Chow.' The king was about to go to hunt, when the recorder Pëen divined the meaning of this writing, and said:—`You will get great spoil; but not a bear nor a grisly bear. Heaven is sending a Grand-tutor to aid you. My ancestor, the recorder Ch`ow, divined once for Yu about hunting; and then he met with Kaou-yaou,—from an omen like that which has now occurred.' The hunting party went on, and at the water of P`wan-k`e, there was Leu Shang, fishing on the bank. The king descended, hastened to him, and said with a bow, `I have been hoping to meet with you for seven years, and now I find you here.' Shang instantly changed his name at these words, and answered, `I, Hope (the looked for), fished up a semicircular gem with this inscription:—"Ke has received the appointment of Heaven; Ch`ang will come and take it up. You have fished this up in the Lŏ, and will have your reward in Ts`e."

Shang went out one day rambling, when he saw a red man come out from the Lŏ, who gave him a writing, with the words:—`As a backbone, you must assist Ch`ang.'

King Wăn dreamt that he was clothed with the sun and moon. A phoenix duck sang on mount K`e. In the first month of spring, on the 6th day, the five planets had a conjunction in Fang. Afterwards a male and female phoenix went about Wăn's capital with a writing in their beaks, which said:—`The emperor of Yin has no principle, but oppresses and disorders the empire. The great decree is removed; Yin cannot enjoy it longer. The powerful spirits of the earth have left it; all the spirits are whistled away. The conjunction of the five planets in Fang brightens all within the four seas.'

When king Wan was dead, his eldest son Fă ruled in his stead. His teeth were one piece of bone, and he had a shepherd's eyes. When he was about to attack Chow, and had reached the ford of Măng, 800 princes came together, without any previous understanding, all saying, `Show may be smitten.' King Woo, however, did not listen to them; but when Show had killed Pe-kan, imprisoned the viscount of K`e, and was abandoned by the viscount of Wei, then he assailed him. When he was crossing the river at the ford of Măng, in the middle of the stream, a white fish leaped into the king's boat. The king stooped down and took it up. It was 3 cubits long, and under its eyes were red lines which formed the characters—`Chow may be smitten.' The king wrote over them the character for `dynasty,' and the words disappeared. After this he burned the fish in sacrifice, and announced the event to Heaven. Lo! fire came down from heaven, and rested over Wang uh, gradually floating away into a red bird, with a stalk of grain in its beak. The grain was in commemoration of the virtue of prince Tseih; the fire was an auspicious response from heaven to the burnt-offering of the fish.

Woo then went eastward and attacked Show, whom he vanquished in the wilderness of Muh. His soldiers did not need to stain their swords with blood, so easily did the empire turn to him. He invested Leu Shang with the principality of Ts`e. Through the abundance of the virtue of Chow, all vegetation was most luxuriant; even the southernwood could supply materials for building a palace, and hence we have the name—`southernwood house.' When he was possessed of the empire, Woo fixed his capital in Haou.

In his 12th year, which was sin-maou (28th of cycle, = B.C. 1,049), 1 the king led the tribes of the west and the princes to attack Yin, and defeated Show in the wilderness of Muh. He took with his own hand Show prisoner in the tower of Nan-tan; 2 and entered into the participation of the bright appointment of Heaven, 3 setting up, to continue the sacrifices to his ancestors, Luh-foo, the son of Show, known as Wookang. 4 In the summer, in the 4th month, he returned to Fung, and sacrificed in the ancestral temple. He appointed Inspectors of Yin, and went himself on a tour of inspection to Kwan. 5 He made the music Ta-woo. In his 13th year, the baron of Ch`aou came to make his submission. He presented the captives of Yin in the Grand ancestral temple; 6 and afterwards granted great investitures to the princes. In the autumn there was a very abundant harvest. In his 14th year, the king was unwell, when the duke Wan of Chow prayed for him on an altar-area, and made `The Metal-bound Coffer.' 7 In his 15th year, the prince of Suhshin came to make his submission. He made his first tour of inspection to the mountains of the four quarters, and made an announcement to the cities of Me. 8 In the winter, he removed the nine tripods to Loh. In his 16th year, the viscount of Ke came to do homage. In the autumn, the royal forces extinguished P`oo-koo. In his 17th year, he appointed his heir-son Sung in the eastern palace to be his successor. In the winter, in the 12th month, he died, being 94 years old.

II. King Ching.

Note. Named Sung.

In his 1st year, which was ting-yew (34th of cycle, = B.C. 1,043), in the spring, in the 1st month, when he came to the throne, he ordered the prime minister, duke Wăn of Chow, to take the leadership of all the officers. On the day kang-woo (7th of cycle), the duke of Chow made an announcement to the princes at the great gate. 9 In the summer, in the 6th month, they buried king Woo in Peih. In the autumn, the king assumed the covering for the head. 10 Woo-kăng with the people of Yin rebelled. Duke Wăn of Chow left the court to reside in the east. 11 In his 2d year, the people of Yen and of Seu, with the hordes of the Hwae, entered Pei 12 with the standard of rebellion. In the autumn, there was a great storm of thunder and lightning, with wind, when the king met the duke of Chow in the borders; and immediately after, they smote Yin. In the 3d year, the king's armies extinguished Yin; Woo-kăng Luh-foo was put to death; the people of Yin were removed to Wei; 13 Yen was forthwith invaded; and P`oo-koo was extinguished. 14

Note. Koo was aiding in the rebellion of the four kingdoms; and therefore the duke of Chow extinguished it.

In his 4th year, in the spring, in the 1st month, he first gave audience to the princes in his father's temple. In the summer, in the 4th month, he first tasted the first fruits of the wheat. 15 The army smote the hordes of the Hwae, and then entered Yen. In his 5th year, in the spring, in the 1st month, the king was in Yen, and removed its ruler to P`oo-koo. In the summer, in the 5th month, he came from Yen, and removed the people of Yin to the city of Loh; and thereon proceeded to build Ching-chow. In his 6th year, he made a grand hunting expedition on the south of mount K`e. In his 7th year, the duke of Chow restored the government to the king. In the spring, in the 2d month, the king went to Fung. In the 3d month, duke K`ang of Shaou went to Loh, to measure the ground for the city. On the day këah-tsze (1st of cycle), the duke Wăn of Chow made an announcement to the numerous officers in Ching-chow; and thereon they walled the eastern capital. The king then went to it, and the princes came to do him homage. In the winter, he returned from it, and appointed anew a shrine to Kaou-yu. 16 In his 8th year, in the spring, in the 1st month, he first took his position as imperial host, and administered the government for himself. He gave orders to K`in-foo, prince of Loo, and K`eih, prince of Ts`e, to remove the multitudes of Yin to Loo. He made the pantomimic dance, called Sëang. In the winter, in the 10th month, his forces extinguished the State of T`ang, 17 and removed its people to Too. 18 In his 9th year, in the spring, in the 1st month, he had a great sacrificial service in the grand ancestral temple, when he first used the choh.19 The chief of Suh-shin came to do homage, when the king employed the baron of Yung to convey his Charge to him. 20 In his 10th year, he appointed his brother Yu of T`ang to be head of all the princes. 21 The chief of Yueh-chang 22 appeared to do homage. The duke of Chow left the court, and resided in Fung. In his 11th year, in the spring, in the 1st month, the king went to Fung. His brother of T`ang presented a stalk of fine grain, and was ordered to convey it to the duke Wăn of Chow. The king appointed duke P`ing of Chow to govern the eastern capital. 23

Note by Yŏ. This duke P`ing of Chow is Keun-ch`in, the son of the duke of Chow, and younger brother of Pih-k`in.

In his 12th year, the king's forces and those of Yen walled Han; 24 and the king gave a Charge to the prince of Han. In his 13th year, the king's forces assembled with those of the princes of Ts`e and Loo, and smote the hordes of the Jung. In the summer, in the 6th month, the prince of Loo offered the grand imperial sacrifice in the temple of the duke of Chow. In his 14th year, the forces of Ts`e invested the city of K`euh, 25 and subdued it. In the winter, the announcement was made of the completion of Loh. In his 18th year, in the spring, in the 1st month, the king went to Loh, and settled the place of the tripods there. Phoenixes made their appearance, and a sacrifice was offered near the Ho.

Note. When king Woo died, king Ching was still young; and Tan, duke of Chow, acted as regent for 7 years. He made the institutions and music of the dynasty. Spirit-like birds and phoenixes appeared; and the mysterious bean grew up. After this he went with king Ching to view the Ho and the Lŏ. Having dropt a gem into the water, and finished all the ceremonies, the king retired and waited till the day declined. Then rays of glory came out, and shrouded all the Ho; and green clouds came floating in the sky. A green dragon came to the altar, carrying in his mouth a dark-coloured shell, with a figure on it, which he placed on the altar, and went away. They did in the same way at the Lŏ, and the same things happened. On the shell in red lines were characters, which the duke of Chow copied in the current forms of the age. When his writing was finished, the tortoise dropped the shell, and went away. The writing was all about the rise and fall in the fortunes of the empire down to the dynasties of Ts`in and Han. K`e-lins wandered in the parks; phoenixes flew about in the courtyards; king Ching took a lute, and sang:—

In his 19th year, the king made a tour of inspection to the how and teen domains, and to the four mountains, the duke K`ang of Shaou being in attendance on him. When he returned to Tsung-chow, he settled the various orders of officers, 26 and degraded the prince of Fung. 27 In his 21st year, he removed the representations of the penal laws. 28 The duke Wan of Chow died in Fung. In his 22d year, he buried duke Wan in Peih. In his 24th year, the chief of Yu-yueh came to make his submission. 29 In his 25th year, the king held a great assembly of the princes in the eastern capital, when the wild tribes of the four quarters came to make their submission. In the winter, in the 10th month, he returned from the eastern capital, and performed a great service in the grand ancestral temple. In his 30th year, the hordes of Le came to make their submission.

Note by Yŏ. The hordes of Le belonged to mount Le. They had been smitten by the chief of Lin, who announced the event to king Ching.

In his 33d year, the king rambled in Keuen-o, 30 with duke K`ang of Shaou in attendance, and then returned to Tsung-chow. He ordered his heir-son Ch`aou to go to Fang 31 to bring home his bride. K`e, the baron of Fang, escorted her to Tsung- chow. In his 34th year, it rained gold in Hëen-yang. 32

Note by Yŏ. It rained gold in Hëen-yang; and in 3 years, the empire sustained a great loss.

In his 37th year, in the summer, in the 4th month, on the day yih-ch`ow (2d of cycle), the king died.

III. King K`ang.

III. 1 The duke of Chow had made the music; king K`ang now fixed the songs for different pieces.

Note. Named Ch`aou.

In his 1st year, which was keah-seuh (11th of cycle, = B.C. 1,006), in the spring, in the 1st month, when he came to the throne, he ordered the prime minister, duke K`ang of Shaou, to take the leadership of all the officers. The princes did homage in the palace of Fung. In his 3d year, he fixed the songs for the different musical performances. The period of mourning being over, he offered the imperial sacrifice to his predecessor. 33 He renewed the admonitions to the officers of agriculture, 34 and announced them in the ancestral temple. In his 6th year, duke T`ae of Ts`e died. 35 In his 9th year, the prince of T`ang removed to Tsin, 36 and made a palace in a beautiful style. The king sent and reproved him. In his 12th year, in the summer, in the 6th month, on the jin-shin day (9th of cycle), the king went to Fung, and gave his Charge to the duke of Peih. 37 In the autumn, duke E of Maou died.

7 Here the battle about the `Nine Keang' is fought over again. See on `The Tribute of Yu.'

In his 16th year, he give a Charge to K`eih, the duke of Ts`e. He went south on a tour of inspection, as far as mount Loo of Kew-keang. In his 19th year, K`in-foo, prince of Loo, died. In his 21st year, the prince of Loo made a palace, with the sentry lofts above the gates covered with rushes. In his 44th year, duke K`ang of Shaou died. In his 26th year, in the autumn, in the 9th month, on the day ke-wei (56th of cycle), the king died.

IV. King Ch`aou.

Note. Named Hëa.

In his 1st year, which was kang-tsze (37th of cycle, = B.C. 980), in the spring, in the 1st month, when the king came to the throne, he restored the practice of suspending the representations of the penal laws. In his 6th year, he gave a Charge to the baron of Seun. 38 In the winter, in the 12th month, peach trees and plum trees were in flower. In his 14th year, in the summer, in the 4th month, the regular stars were invisible. In the autumn, in the 7th month, the people of Loo killed their ruler Tsae. In his 16th year, the king attacked Ts`oo; and, in crossing the Han, met with a large rhinoceros. In his 19th year, in the spring, a comet appeared in the space Tsze-mei. 39 The duke of Tse 40 and the baron of Sin 41 followed the king against Ts`oo. The heavens were dark and tempestuous. Pheasants and hares were terrified. The king's six armies perished in the Han. The king died.

V. King Muh.

Note. Named Mwan.

In his 1st year, which was ke-wei (56th of cycle, = B.C. 961), in the spring, in the 1st month, after he came to the throne, he built the palace of Ch`aou, 42 and gave a Charge to Yu-mei, the baron of Sin. In the winter, in the 10th month, he built the palace of Che in Nan-ch`ing. 43

Note. From king Woo to Muh, the empire was possessed 100 years. From Muh downwards the capital was in Se-ch`ing.

In the 6th year, Tan, the viscount of Seu, 44 came to do homage, when the title of baron was conferred on him. In his 8th year, the chief of the northern T`ang came to do homage, and presented a very swift mare, which produced the famousLuh-urh. 45 In his 9th year, he built the Spring palace.

Note. The king resided in the spring palace, and that of Ch`ing.

In his 11th year, he gave additional distinction and a Charge to Mow-foo, duke of Tse, the prime minister. In his 12th year, Pan, duke of Maou, Le, duke of Kung, 46 and Koo, duke of Fung, led their forces, in attendance on the king, against the hordes of the K`euen. In the winter, in the 10th month, the king being on a tour of inspection in the north, punished those hordes. In his 13th year, the duke of Tse attended the king with his forces on an expedition to the west, when they encamped in Yang. 47 In the autumn, in the 7th month, the hordes of the west came to make their submission. The hordes of Seu invaded Loh. In the winter, Ts`aou-foo drove the king in triumph into Tsung-chow. In his 14th year, he led the viscount of Ts`oo 48 against the hordes of Seu, and subdued them. In the summer, in the 4th month, he hunted in Keun-k`ew. In the 5th month, he made the palace of Fan. In autumn, in the 9th month, the people of Teih invaded Peih. In the winter, there was a grand hunting in the marsh of P`ing. 49 He built Foo-laou. 50 In his 15th year, in the spring, in the 1st month, the chief of Lew-keun came to make his submission. 51 The king made the tower of Chung-peih. In the winter, he surveyed the Salt marsh. 52

Note. One copy has here:—`The king went to Ngan-yih, and viewed the Salt pond.' This is wrong.

In his 16th year, Kew, prince of Hoh, died. The king gave a Charge to Ts`aou- foo, and invested him with Chaou. 53 In his 17th year, he went on a punitive expedition to mount Keun-lun; and saw the western Wang-moo. That year the chief of Wang-moo came to court, and was lodged in the palace of Ch`aou. In the autumn, in the 8th month, certain hordes were removed to T`ae-yuen.

Note. The king, in his expeditions to the north, travelled over the country of the Moving Sands, for 1,000 le, and that of `Heaps of Feathers,' for 1,000 le. Then he subdued the hordes of the K`euen, and returned to the east, with their five kings as captives. Westwards, he pushed his expeditions to where the green birds cast their feathers (the hill of San-wei). On these expeditions he travelled over 190,000 le.

In his 18th year, in the spring, in the 1st month, he dwelt in the palace of Che, where the princes came and did homage. In his 21st year, duke Wăn of Tse died. In his 24th year, he ordered Jung-foo, the recorder of the Left, to make a Record. 54 In his 35th year, the people of King entered Seu, when Ts`ëen, baron of Maou, led his forces, and defeated them near the Tse. 55 In his 37th year, the king raised a great force of nine hosts, and proceeded eastward to Këw-keang, where he crossed the water on a bridge of tortoises and iguanadons piled up. 56 After this, he smote the people of Yuĕ as far as Yu. The people of King came with tribute.

In his 39th year, he assembled the princes at mount T`oo. In his 45th year, Pe, prince of Loo, died. In his 51st year, he made the code of Leu on Punish- ments, and gave a Charge to the prince of P`oo in Fung. 57 In his 59th year, he died in the palace of Che.

VI. King Kung.

Note. Named E.

His 1st year was këah-yin (51st of cycle, = B.C. 906), when he came to the throne. In his 4th year, the royal forces extinguished Meih. In his 9th year, in the spring, in the 1st month, on the day ting-hae (24th of cycle), the king made Lëang, the recorder of the Interior, convey a Charge to Ts`ëen, baron of Maou.

In his 12th year, the king died.

VII. King E.

Note. Named Këen.

In his 1st year, which was ping-yin (3d of cycle, = B.C. 894), when he came to the throne, there were two sunrisings in Ch`ing. In his 7th year, the hordes of the west invaded Haou. In his 13th year, the people of Teih invaded K`e.

In his 16th year, the king removed from Tsung-chow to Hwae-le. 58 In his 17th year, Chih, the duke Le of Loo, died. In his 21st year, the duke of K`woh led his forces north, against the hordes of the K`euen, by whom he was defeated and put to flight. In his 25th year, the king died.

Note. The movements of king E were without proper regulation; the orders of his government were ill-timed; the holder of the time-jar did not attend to his duty:—and the consequence was that the princes began to lose their virtue.

VIII. King Heaou.

Note. Named Peih-fang.

In his 1st year, which was sin-maou (28th of cycle, = B.C. 869), in the spring, in the 1st month, when he came to the throne, he ordered the prince of Shin 59 to smite the hordes of the west. In his 3d year, the hordes of the west came, and presented horses. In his 7th year, there were great rain and lightnings about the Këang and the Han; and oxen and horses died.

Note. In this year king Le was born.

In his 8th year, they made pasture grounds for the first time of the country about the Keen and the Wei. 60 In his 9th year, the king died.

IX. King E.

Note. Named Sëĕ.

His 1st year was kang-tsze (37th of cycle, = B.C. 860), when he came to the throne. In his 2d year, the people of Shuh 61 and the people of Leu 62 came to present carnation and other gems. The king performed a service of homage to the Ho, using the large mace. 63 In his 3d year, he assembled the princes, and boiled duke Gae of Ts`e in a tripod. 64 In his 6th year, when hunting in the forest of Shay, 65 he captured a rhinoceros, and carried it home. In his 7th year, the duke of Kwoh led his forces, and smote the hordes of T`ae-yuen as far as Yu-ts`euen, capturing 1,000 horses. In the winter, there was a storm of hail as large as whetstones. Hëung-k`eu, the viscount of Ts`oo, smote the country of Yung 66 as far as Goh. 67 In his 8th year, the king was ill, when the princes prayed to the hills and streams. The king died.

X. King Le.

Note. Named Hoo. He dwelt at Che, where there is the Fun-water, and hence he is styled also king Fun.

In his 1st year, which was mow-shin (45th of cycle, = B.C. 852), when he came to the throne, he built the palace of E, 68 and gave a Charge to the prime minister Loh, the duke E of Yung. 69 The people of Ts`oo presented tortoise and other shells. In his 3d year, the hordes of Hwae invaded Loh, when the king ordered Ch`ang-foo, duke of Kwoh, to act against them, which he did without effect. Shan, the duke Hëen of Ts'e, died. In his 6th year, Yen, viscount of Ts`oo, died. In his 8th year, he began the watch for any who reviled him. 70 Lëang-foo, the baron of Juy, 71cautioned all the officers in the court. In his 11th year, the hordes of the west penetrated to K`euen-k`ew. In his 12th year, the king became a fugitive, and fled to Che. 72 The people surrounded the palace; and having seized the son of duke Muh of Shaou, they put him to death. 73 In his 13th year, the king was in Che; and Ho, baron of Kung, administered the imperial duties. 74

Note. This is styled the period of Kung-ho.

In his 14th year, the hordes of the Yen-yun 75 overran the western border of Tsungchow. Duke Muh of Shaou led his forces in pursuit of the southern hordes of King as far as the Loh. 76 In his 16th year, prince Woo of Ts`ae died; and also Yung, the viscount of Ts`oo. In his 19th year, the baron E of Ts`aou died. In his 22d year, there was a great drought; and duke Yew of Ch`in died. In his 23d year, the drought continued; and duke He of Sung died. In his 24th year, the drought continued; and duke Woo of K`e died. In his 25th year, still the drought. Yen, viscount of Ts`oo, died. In his 26th year, there was still the drought, when the king died in Che. The dukes, Ting of Chow and Muh of Shaou, then raised his eldest son Tsing to the throne; Ho, baron of Kung, returned to his State; and there was a great rain.

Note. The great drought had continued so long, that all huts were burned up. When king Fun died, they consulted by the tortoise-shell the spirit of the sun, and were answered that Le had been done to death by some monstrous thing. When the dukes of Chow and Shaou had raised his oldest son Tsing to the throne, Ho of Kung returned to his State. He was a man of the greatest virtue. Honours did not make him overmuch glad, nor did neglect move him to anger. He afterwards sought his own ease and pleasure in retirement on the top of mount Kung.

XI. King Seuen.

Note. Named Tsing.

In his 1st year, which was keah-seuh (11th of cycle, = B.C. 826), in the spring, in the first month, he came to the throne, when the dukes, Ting of Chow and Muh of Shaou, assisted in the government. He restored the field levies. 77 He made chariots of war. Prince Hwuy of Yen died. In his 2d year, he gave a Charge to Hwang-foo, the Grand-tutor; and one to Hew-foo, the Master of the Horse. Duke Shin of Loo died. Soo, a younger son of the House of Ts`aou, murdered his prince, Këang, the baron Yew. In his 3d year, the king ordered the great officer Chung to attack the hordes of the west. Show, the duke Woo of Ts`e, died. In his 4th year, the king ordered Kwei-foo to go to Han, after which the prince of Han came to court. 78

In his 5th year, in the summer, in the 6th month, Yin Keih-foo led his forces, and smote the Yen-yun, as far as T`ae-yuen. 79 In the autumn, in the 8th month, Fang Shuh led his forces, and smote the southern hordes of King. 80 In his 6th year, the duke Muh of Shaou led his forces against the hordes of the Hwae. The king led his forces against the hordes of Seu, having Hwang-foo and Hew-foo in attendance on him, when he camped on the Hwae. When he returned from the expedition, he gave a Charge to duke Muh of Shaou. The hordes of the west killed Chung of Ts`in. Seang, viscount of Ts`oo, died. In his 7th year, the king gave a Charge to the baron of Shin. The king ordered Chung Shan-foo, prince of Fan, to wall Ts`e. 81 In his 8th year, the king first completed the apartments of one his palaces.82 Duke Woo of Loo came to court, when the king appointed his heir-son He to succeed to the principality. In his 9th year, the king assembled the princes in the eastern capital, after which they hunted in Foo. 83 In his 12th year, duke Woo of Loo died. The people of Ts`e murdered their ruler, Woo-ke, known as duke Le, and appointed his son Ch`ih in his room. In his 15th year, prince Le of Wei died. The king gave a Charge to duke Wăn of Kwoh. In his 16th year, Tsin removed its capital to Keang. 84 In his 18th year, prince E of Tse died. In his 21st year, Pih-yu, of the ducal House of Loo, murdered his prince He, known as duke E.

In his 22d year, the king gave his Charge to To-foo, a scion of the royal House, to reside at Loh. 85 In his 24th year, Ch`ih, the duke Wan of Ts`e, died. In his 25th year, there was a great drought, when the king prayed at the border altars and in the ancestral temple; and there was rain. In his 27th year, Këen, the duke Hwuy of Sung, died. In his 28th year, Seun, viscount of Ts`oo, died.

In his 29th year, the king for the first time neglected the setting an example of husbandry in his thousand acres field. 86 In his 30th year, hares appeared gambolling in the capital Haou. In his 32d year, the royal forces attacked Loo, and put Pih-yu to death; and the king invested Ch`ing, known as duke Heaou, with the principality, in the palace of E. Heaou, the duke He of Ch`in, died. A horse changed into a man. In his 33d year, the duke Ching of Ts`e died. The royal forces attacked the hordes of T`ae-yuen without success. In his 37th year, a horse changed into a fox. The prince He of Yen died. Goh, the viscount of Ts`oo, died. In his 38th year, the royal forces and prince Muh of Tsin proceeded against the hordes of the T`eaon and the Pun, when they were defeated and put to flight. 87 In his 39th year, the royal forces attacked the Këang hordes, and were defeated, and put to flight in a battle in Ts`ëen-mow. 88 In his 40th year, he numbered the people in T`ae-yuen. 89 The western hordes destroyed the city of Këang. 90 The people of Tsin defeated some northern hordes in Fun-sih. 91 In his 41st year, his forces were defeated in Shin. In his 43d year, he put to death the great officer Too Pih, whose son Sih-shuh then fled to Tsin. Fei-sang, the prince Muh of Tsin, died, when his brother Seang-shuh usurped the principality, and the heir-son K`ew fled. His 44th year was ting-sze, the 1st year of Shang-shuh of Tsin.

In his 46th year, the king died.

XII. King Yew.

Note. Named Nëĕ.

His 1st year was hang-shin (57th of cycle, = B.C. 780), when he came to the throne. K`ew, the heir son of Tsin, returned thither, and slew Shang-shuh. The people then raised him to the government;—he is known as prince Wan. The king gave a Charge to Yin Hwang-foo, the Grand-tutor. In his 2d year,—sin-yew, the 1st year of prince Wăn of Tsin,—the King, Wei, and Loh, all became dry. A part of mount K`e fell down. The king began to increase the taxes, Prince Wan of Tsin, with To-foo, of the royal House, attacked, Tsang, and subdued it. After this To-foo took up his residence on the hill of Ch`ing-foo. He was duke Hwan of Ch`ing. 92 In his 3d year, the king became enamoured with his concubine Paou-sze. In the winter, there was great thunder and lightning. In his 4th year, the people of Ts`in smote the western hordes. In the summer, in the 6th month, there fell hoar-frost. The duke E of Ch`in died. In his 5th year, his heir-son, E-k`ew, fled from the court to Shin. Hwang-foo prepared another capital in Heang. 93 In his 6th year, the king ordered Pih-sze with the royal forces to attack the hordes of Luh-tse, 94 but they were defeated and put to flight. The western hordes destroyed K`ae. In the winter, in the 10th month, on the day sin-maou, there was an eclipse of the sun.

In his 7th year, the people of Kwoh extinguished Ts`ëaou. 95 In his 8th year, the king gave an additional dignity to To-foo, baron of Ch`ing, his minister of Instruction. He made Pih-fuh, the son of Paou-sze, his heir apparent. In his 9th year, the prince of Shin sent an embassy to the western hordes, and to Tsang, and entered into an engagement with them. In his 10th year, in the spring, he made a solemn agreement with the princes in the grand apartment of the ancestral temple. 96 In the autumn, in the 9th month, the peach trees and almond trees were in fruit. The king led his army against Shin. In the 11th year, in the spring, in the 1st month, the sun and moon had haloes. The people of Shin, of Tsăng, and the hordes of the K`euen, entered Tsung-chow, and murdered the king and duke Hwan of Ch`ing. The chief of the K`euen killed the king's son, Pih-fuh, and took Paou-sze as his captive. The princes of Shin and Loo, with the nan of Heu and the young lord of Ch`ing, raised E-k`ew, who was in Shin, to the throne; but Han, duke of Kwoh, declared another son of Yew, named Yu-chin, who was in Hwuy, to be king.

Note. This last is known as king Hwuy. There were thus two kings at the same time.—When king Woo made an end of Yin, the year was in kang-yin. Twenty-four years after, in the year këă-yin, the vases were finally placed in the city of Lŏ. From that time to king Yew, were 257 years;—giving us in all 281 years. From sin-maou, the 1st year of Woo, to kăng-woo, the last of Yew, were 292 years.

XIII. King P`ing.

Note. Named E-k`ew. From the removal of the capital to the east, the chronicler relates the affairs of Tsin; and the king's coming to the throne is not mentioned.

In his 1st year, which was sin-wei (8th of cycle, = B.C. 769), the king removed the capital to the east, to the city of Loh. He conferred the dignity of chief among the princes on prince Wan. 97 The prince of Tsin united with the prince of Wei, the barons of Ch`ing and Ts`in, and with their troops escorted the king to Ching-chow. 98

In his 2d year, Ts`in made the western altar. 99 Hëaou of Loo died. The king conferred on Ts`in and Tsin the fields of Pin and K`e. In his 3d year, the people of Ts`e extinguished Chuh. 100 The king conferred an additional dignity on the baron of Ch`ing, his minister of Instruction. 101 In his 4th year, the prince king of Yen died. The people of Ch`ing extinguished Kwoh. In his 5th year, the duke Sëang of Ts`in led his forces against the western hordes, and died on the expedition. The duke Tae of Sung died. In his 6th year, the prince Gae of Yen died. Ch`ing removed its capital to near the Ts`in and the Hwuy. 102 In his 7th year, E, viscount of Ts`oo, died. In his 8th year, the baron of Ch`ing put his great officer, Kwan K`e-sze, to death. In his 10th year, Ts`in removed its capital to near the Këen and the Wei. 103 In his 13th year, the duke Woo of Wei died.

In his 14th year, the people of Tsin extinguished Han. 104 In his 18th year, the duke Wăn of Ts`in inflicted a great defeat on the western hordes in K`e, and came to restore the fields on the east of K`e. In his 21st year, the prince Wăn of Tsin put the king's brother, Yu-chin, to death in Hwuy. In his 23d year, the duke Woo of Sung died. In his 24th year, Ts`in instituted the sacrifices to the Precious ones of Ch`in. 105 In his 25th year, prince Wăn of Tsin died. Ts`in for the first time, used the punishment of destroying criminals' relatives. In his 26th year,—ping-shin, the 1st year of prince Ch`aou of Tsin,—the prince of Tsin invested his younger brother Ching-sze with the city of K`euh-yuh. 106 In his 32d year, Fan-foo of Tsin murdered his ruler, prince Ch`aou, and called Ching-sze to the throne;—without success. The people of Tsin then called the son of Ch`aou, who was the prince Heaou, to the sovereignty, and put Fan-foo to death. In his 33d year,—kwei-maou, the 1st year of prince Heaou of Tsin—the people of Ts`oo overran Shin. In his 43d year, the duke Chwang of Wei died. The king's subjects took guard of Shin. In his 40th year, duke Chwang of Ts`e died. Ching-sze, Hwan-shuh of K`euh-yuh, died; and was succeeded by his son Shen, who is known as Chwang-pih.

Note. From this time the prince of Tsin dwelt in Yih, and is known as the prince of Yih.

In his 41st year,—sin-hae, the 1st year of Chwang-pih,—in the spring, there was a great storm of rain and snow. In his 42d year, the wild tribes of the north attacked Yih, 107 and penetrated to the borders of Tsin. The duke Sëang of Sung died. The duke Hwuy of Loo sent Tsae Jang, to request liberty to use the ceremonies of the imperial border sacrifices and of the ancestral temple. The king sent the recorder Këoh to go to Loo to stop the assumption. In his 47th year, Chwang-pih of K`euh-yuh of Tsin entered Yih, and murdered the prince Heaou. The people of Tsin drove him out, and raised to the sovereignty Keih the son of Heaou, known as prince Goh. In his 48th year,—mow-woo, the 1st year of the prince Goh of Tsin,— there was thunder without any clouds. The duke Hwuy of Loo died. In his 49th year,—ke-wei, the 1st year of duke Yin of Loo. In this year, the Ch`un-Ts`ew begins,— the duke Yin of Loo and the duke Chwang of Choo 108 formed an alliance at Koo-mëĕ. 109 In his 51st year, in the spring, in the 2d month, on the day yih-sze (42d of cycle), there was an eclipse of the sun. In the 3d month, on the day kang-seuh, the king died.

XIV. King Hwan.

Note. Named Lin.

His 1st year was jin-seuh (59th of cycle, = B.C. 718). In the 10th month, Chwangpih rebelled in K`euh-yuh, and attacked Yih. Wan, of the ruling House, came to the rescue of Yih, and Chin, the chief of Seun, 110 pursued Chwang-pih as far as the valley of Kea. The prince of Yih then burned the standing grain of K`euh-yuh, and returned. Afterwards he attacked the place, and gained a great victory. Chwangpih's son, afterwards duke Woo, solicited peace, came as far as Sëang (or T`ung), and returned. In his 2d year, the king made the duke of Kwoh attack K`ëuhyuh of Tsin. The prince Goh of Tsin died, when Chwang-pih attacked Tsin. Thepeople of Tsin raised Kwang, the son of prince Goh, to the sovereignty. He is known as prince Gae. His 3d year was keah-tsze, the 1st year of prince Gae of Tsin. In his 4th year, Chwang-pih of K`euh-yuh died, and was succeeded by his son Ch`ing, the duke Woo. The State had still only one army. 111 In his 5th year,—the 1st year of duke Woo of K`euh-yuh,—the people of Juy, Shing-king, 112 the people of Seun, and the baron of Tung, 113 all rebelled against K`euh-yuh. In his 11th year,—1st year of the prince Seaou-tsze of Tsin,—the chief of K`euh-yuh took prince Gae of Tsin prisoner, when the people of Tsin put Gae's son, known as prince Sëaou-tsze, in his place. Wan, the baron of Juy, fled to Wei. 114

Note. Wan was driven out by his mother.

In his 12th year, the royal forces and those of Ts`in besieged Wei, took Wan, the baron of Juy, and carried him to the east. In his 13th year, in the winter, the baron of K`euh-yuh enticed prince Sëaou-tsze of Tsin to an interview, and killed him. He then extinguished the House of Seun, and gave its territory to his great officer Yuen Gan, who became the chief of Seun. Some people of one of the western hordes met Wan, the baron of Juy, in Keaou. 115 In his 14th year, the king ordered Chung of Kwoh to smite K`euh-yuh, and to raise Min, a younger brother of prince Gae, to be prince of Tsin in Yih. His 15th year was the 1st year of prince Min of Tsin.

In his 16th year, in the spring, K`euh-yuh extinguished Yih as the capital ofTsin. In his 19th year, the duke Chwang of Ch`ing died. In his 23d year, in the 3d month, on the day yih-wei, the king died.

XV. King Chwang.

Note. Named T`o.

In his 1st year, which was yih-yew (22d of cycle, = B.C. 695), K`euh-yuh still maintained only one army, different from Tsin. In his 6th year, in the 5th month, he buried king Hwan. In his 15th year, he died.

XVI. King Le.

Note. Named Hoo-ts`e.

In his 1st year, which was kang-tsze (37th of cycle, = B.C. 680), duke Hwan of Ts`e assembled the princes at Pih-hing, 116 to bring to order the troubles of Sung.

In his 3d year, duke Woo of K`euh-yuh made an end of prince Min of Tsin, and presented many of the precious relics of the State to the king, who appointed him to be prince of Tsin, maintaining only one army. In his 4th year,—the 38th year of duke Woo of Tsin,—Tsin still declined to be present at one of the meetings called by the duke Hwan of Ts`e.

Note. A note in the Tso Chuen says it was in this year prince Min of Tsin was made an end of.

In his 5th year, duke Woo of Tsin died, and was succeeded by his son Kwei-choo, known as duke Hëen. The king died.

XVII. King Hwuy.

Note. Named Lëang.

In his 1st year, which was yih-sze (42d of cycle, = B.C. 675), the 1st year of duke Hëen of Tsin, the duke Hëen of Tsin went to court. The king went to Ching-chow. There a white hare appeared, dancing in the market place. In his 2d year, his son T`uy raised a rebellion, and the king went and dwelt in Ch`ing, where the people entered his treasury, and took many gems, which changed into yih that shot their venom at men. 117 In his 9th year, Tsin walled Këang. 118 In his 16th year, the duke Hëen of Tsin formed two armies, and extinguished the State of Kăng, 119 which he gave to his great officer Chaou Suh. He also extinguished Wei, and gave it to his great officer Peih Wan.

Note. This was the germ of the extinction of Tsin by its great officers of Chaou, Han, and Wei.

In his 17th year, duke E of Wei fought with the red hordes of the north at the marsh of Tung (or K`eung). In his 19th year, duke Hëen of Tsin united his forces with those of Yu, and, attacking Kwoh, destroyed Hea-yang. 120 Ch`ow, duke of Kwoh, fled to Wei, and Hëen ordered Hea-foo Leu-sang 121 to occupy his capital.

In his 25th year, in the spring, in the 1st month, some of the northern hordes attacked Tsin. The king died.

XVIII. King Sëang.

Note. Named Ch`ing.

In his 1st year, which was kang-woo (7th of cycle, = B.C. 650), duke Hëen of Tsin died, and He-ts'e was raised to the sovereignty. Le K`ih, however, put him to death, and Ch`oh-tsze also, whereon E-woo was chosen. In his 2d year,—sin-we, the 1st year of duke Hwuy of Tsin,—the duke of Tsin put Le K`ih to death. In his 3d year, it rained gold in Tsin. In his 7th year, the chief of Ts`in crossed the Ho and attacked Tsin. In his 15th year, duke Hwuy of Tsin died, and was succeeded by his son Yu, known as duke Hwae. Duke Muh of Ts`in, with a force, escorted duke Hëen's son, Ch`ung-urh, to the State, and invested Ling-koo, 122 Shwang-ts`euen, 123 and K`ew-shwae, 124 which all surrendered. Koo Wei and Sëen-chin went to Loo-lew 125 to oppose Ts`in, when duke Muh sent his son Chih to speak with them, after which they camped in Seun, 126 and entered into an engagement with Ch`ung-urh in the midst of the army, he having crossed the Ho at Ho-k`euh. 127 In his 16th year,—yih-yew, the 1st year of duke Wăn of Tsin,—Tsin put Tsze-yu to death. 128 In his 17th year, Tsin walled Seun. 129 In his 20th year, king Sëang of Chow assembled the princes in Ho-yang. 130 In his 22d year, the army of Ts`e drove out Ch`e, the heir-prince of Ch`ing, who fled to Shing-chang Nan-ch`ing. 131 In his 24th year, duke Wan of Tsin died. His 25th year was këă-woo, the 1st year of Hwan, the duke Sëang of Tsin. In his 30th year, the Loh was dried up at Hëang. 132

In his 31st year, duke Sëang of Tsin died. His 32d year was sin-ch`ow, the 1st year of E-kaou, the duke Ling of Tsin. In his 33d year, the king died.

XIX. King K`ing.

Note. Named Jin-chin.

His 1st year was kwei-maou (40th of cycle, = B.C. 617). In his 6th year, a comet entered the Great Bear (Northern Bushel); and the king died.

XX. King K`wang.

Note. Named Pan.

His 1st year was ke-yew (46th of cycle, = B.C. 611). In his 6th year, duke Ling of Tsin was killed by Chaou Ch`uen, who was then sent by Chaou Tun to Chow, to fetch the prince Hih-t`un, and raise him to the dukedom. The king died.

XXI. King Ting.

Note. Named Yu.

His 1st year was yih-maou (52d of cycle, = B.C. 605), the 1st year of duke Ching of Tsin. In his 6th year, duke Ching of Tsin, with some of the northern hordes, attacked Ts`in, and captured a spy, whom they put to death in the market place of Këang, and who came to life again six days after. In his 7th year, duke Ching of Tsin died in Hoo.XXI. 1 His 8th year was jin-seuh, the 1st year of duke King of Tsin. In his 18th year, the Aid of the State of Ts`e came to present some musical stones of gem, and the boiler which Ts`e had taken from the duke of Ke.2 In his 21st year, the king died.

XXI. 1 In dis. Yung-yang, dep. K`ae-fung.

XXII. King Këen.

Note. Named E.

His 1st year was ping-tsze (13th of cycle, = B.C. 584). In his 5th year, the duke King of Tsin died. His 6th year was sin-sze, the 1st year of duke Le of Tsin. In his 13th year, the duke Le of Tsin died. The king Kung of Ts`oo had a meeting with the duke P`ing of Sung in Hoo-yang. 133 In his 14th year, ke-ch`ow, the 1st year of duke Taou of Tsin, the king died.

2 See the account of the affair in the Ch`un Ts`ew and Tso Chuen, under the 2d year of duke Ching.

XXIII. King Ling.

Note. Named Sëe.

His 1st year was kang-yin (27th of cycle, = B.C. 570). In his 14th year, the duke Taou of Tsin died. His 15th year was këă-shin, the 1st year of the duke P`ing of Tsin. In his 27th year, he died.

XXIV. King King.

Note. Named Kwei.

His 1st year was ting-sze (54th of cycle, = B.C. 543). In his 13th year, in the spring, a star issued from the constellation Woo-neu. 134 In the 10th month, duke P`ing of Tsin died. In his 14th year,—kăng-woo, the 1st year of duke Ch`aou of Tsin,—the waters of the Ho at Lung-mun were red for 3 le. In his 19th year, duke Ch`aou of Tsin died. In the winter, in the 12th month, peach trees and almond trees were in flower. His 20th year was the 1st year of the duke K`ing of Tsin. In his 25th year, duke K`ing of Tsin pacified the disorders of the royal House, and placed king King on the throne.

XXV. King King.

Note. Named K`ae.

His 1st year was jin-woo (19th of cycle, = B.C. 518). In his 8th year, duke K`ing of Tsin died. His 9th year was kăng-yin, the 1st year of duke Ting of Tsin.

In his 14th year, the milky way was not visible in the sky. In his 26th year, an azure rainbow was seen in Tsin. In his 28th year, the Loh was dry in Chow.

In his 36th year, the K`e was dry in Old Wei. 135 In his 39th year, Tsin walled Tun-k`ew. 136 In his 43d year, the duke of Sung killed his great officer Hwang Yuen near the Tan-water, the course of which was stopt, so that it did not flow. 137

In his 44th year, the king died.

XXVI. >King Yuen.

Note. Named Jin.

In his 1st year, which was ping-yin (3d of cycle, = B.C. 474), the duke Ting of Tsin died. His 2d year was ting-maou, the 1st year of duke Ch`uh of Tsin. In his 4th year, the State of Yu-yueh extinguished that of Woo. 138 In his 6th year, the course of the Kwei 139 of Tsin ceased at Lëang. The course of the Tan 140 water was interrupted, and stopped for 3 days. In his 7th year, the people of Ts`e and of Ch`ing attacked Wei. The king died.

XXVII. King Ching-ting.

Note. Named Këae.

In his 1st year, which was kwei-yew (10th of cycle, = B.C. 467), Yu-yueh removed its capital to Lang-ya. 141 In his 4th year, in the 11th moath, Kow-ts`een, the viscount of Yu-yueh, known as Tan-chin, 142 died, and was succeeded by his son, Luh-ch`ing.

In his 6th year, the Ho of Tsin stopt its course at Hoo. In his 7th year, Seun Yaou of Tsin walled Nan-lëang. 143

Note. One copy adds:—`In the 20th year of duke Ch`uh of Tsin.'

In his 10th year, Luh-ch`ing, the viscount of Yu-yueh died, and was succeeded by Puh-show. In his 11th year, the duke Ch`uh of Tsin fled to Ts`e. In his 12th year, the waters of the Ho were red for three days. Seun Yaou smote Chung- san, 144 and took the hill of K`ëung-yu. 145 In his 13th year, Han P`ang of Tsin took the city of Loo She. 146 His 16th year was the 22d year of the duke Ch`uh of Tsin.

In his 17th year, the duke Ch`uh of Tsin died, when a grandson of duke Ch`aou, known as duke King, was raised to the dukedom. His 18th year was the 1st year of duke King of Tsin. In his 20th year, Puh-show, the viscount of Yu-yueh, known as Mang-koo, was put to death, and was succeeded by Choo-kow. In his 22d year, Ts`oo extinguished Ts`ae. In his 24th year, Ts`oo extinguished K`e. In his 28th year, the 11th year of duke King of Tsin, the king died.

XXVIII. King K`aou.

Note. Named Wei.

In his 1st year, which was sin-ch`ow (38th of cycle, = B.C. 439), the 12th year of the duke King, the prince Wan of Wei came to his inheritance. In his 10th year, Ts`oo extinguished Keu. 147 In his 11th year, duke King of Tsin died. In his 12th year,—jin-tsze, the 1st year of Lew, the duke Yew of Tsin,—the duke Taou of Loo died.

In his 14th year, Ke-sun of Loo had a meeting with the duke Yew of Tsin in Ts`oo-k`ew. 148 In his 15th year, the king died.

XXIX. King Wei-lëeh.

Note. Named Woo.

His 1st year was ping-shin (53d of cycle, = B.C. 424). In his 3d year, there was a great drought in Tsin, and the ground produced salt. In his 5th year, the waters of the Tan of Tsin 149 left their natural course, and battled in an opposite direction. 150 In his 6th year, Ts`in Ying, a great officer of Tsin, murdered duke Yew in the Lofty chamber, when prince Wan of Wei raised Che, the son of duke Yew, to the dukedom. In his 7th year, which was jin-seuh, the 1st year of duke Lëĕ of Tsin, Hëen-tsze 151 of Chaou walled Heuen-she, 152 and Woo-tsze of Han, 153 made his capital in P`ing-yang. In his 8th year, Chaou walled the city of P`ing. 154 In his 9th year, the people of Ts`oo attacked our south border as far as Shang-loh. 155

In his 11th year, Keu-sze, 156 a son of the ducal Head of the House of T`ëen, 157 attacked Han-tan, 158 and besieged the city of P`ing. Yu-yueh extinguished T`ang. 159

In his 12th year, Choo-kow, the viscount of Yu-yueh, attacked T`an, 160 and carried off captive its viscount Koo. In his 14th year, Choo-kow, viscount of Yu-yueh, died, and was succeeded by his son E. In his 16th year, T`een P`an of Ts`e fought near P`ing with Han Keu of Han-tan, when the forces of Han-tan were defeated and put to flight, and Tëen P`an took Han Keu prisoner, and captured the city of P`ing and Sin-shing. 161 In his 17th year, the prince Wan of Wei invaded Ts`in as far as Ch`ing, and on his return built Fun-yin and Hoh-yang. 162 T`ëen Taou-tsze died; and T`ëen Poo put to death his great officer Kung-sun Sun. Kung-sun Hwuy took possession of Lin-k`ëw, 163 and rebelled against Chaou. T`ëen Poo laid siege to Lin-k`ew, to the rescue of which came Teih Këoh, 164 K`ung Sëĕ of Chaou, and the army of Han, who fought with Poo near the marsh of Lung, defeated him, and put him to flight.

In his 18th year, the king ordered the chiefs King of Han and Lëeh of Chaou, and our forces, to attack Ts`e; when we penetrated within the Long wall. 165 In his 23d year, the king conferred on the nobles of Tsin, each of the Heads of the Houses of Wei, Chaou, and Han, the title of prince. 166 In his 24th year, the king died.

XXX. King Ngan.

Note. Named Këaou.

His 1st year was kang-shin (17th of cycle, = B.C. 400). In his 9th year, duke Lëeh of Tsin died, and was succeeded by his son, duke Hwan. 167 His 10th year was ke-ch`ow, the 1st year of K`ing, the duke Hwan of Tsin. In his 15th year, the prince Wan of Wei died, having enjoyed his dignity 50 years. There was great wind, and it was dusk at noon. He, the oldest son of the duke of Tsin, fled away. In his 16th year, which was yih-wei, the 1st year of Keih, the prince Woo of Wei, one of the sons of Woo, called Hwan, was appointed to a government away from the capital.168 In his 21st year, Han extinguished the State of Ch`ing, and the prince Gae of Hantook possession of its capital. In his 23d year, Yu-yueh removed its capital to Woo. In his 26th year, the king died. Wei walled Loh-yang, 169 Ngan-yih, 170and Wang-heuen. 171 In the 7th month, the oldest son of the viscount of Yu-yueh, named Choo-këw, murdered his ruler E. 172 In the 10th month, the people of Yueh put Choo-këw, also called Yueh-hwah, to death, and put Foo-ts`oh-che in his place. 173

XXXI. King Lëeh.

Note. Named He.

In his 1st year, which was ping-woo (43d of cycle, = B.C. 374), Hwan of the ruling House of Wei went to Han-tan, to produce troubles. Han-tan is the name of a place in Chaou. Sze-k`eu, a great officer of Yu-yueh, settled the disorders of the State, and placed Ts`oo-woo-yu, known as Mang-ngan, at its head. In his 2d year, Hoo Soo of Ts`in led a force against Han, and was defeated by Han Sëang, the general of Han, near the Swan-water. 174 Wei feasted the princes in the tower of Fan. 175 Duke Hwan of Tsin sanctioned the occupation of Ch`ing by prince Gae of Han as his capital. Shan Këen of Han slew his ruler, the prince Gae. In his 6th year,— sin-hae, the 1st year of king Hwuy-ching of Lëang,—the princes Kung of Han and Ching of Chaou removed the duke Hwan of Tsin to T`wan-lew; 176 —after this, we have nothing more about the affairs of Tsin. Yen, the prince Ching of Chaou, and Joh, the prince E of Han, attacked our city of K`wei. 177 In his 7th year, the king died. Our forces attacked Chaou, and invested Ch`uh-yang. 178 T`ëen Show of Ts`e came with a force against us, and besieged Kwan, 179 which surrendered. Wang Ts`oh, a great officer of Wei, fled to Han.

XXXII. King Hëen.

Note. Named Peen.

In his 1st year, which was kwei-ch`ow (50th of cycle, = B.C. 367), Ch`ing walled Hing-k`ew. 180

Note. From this, the name of Han is exchanged for Ch`ing.

Tsze-hëang of Ts`in was appointed ruler of Lan. 181 In his 2d year, the waters of the Ho were red for three days at Lung-mun. In his 3d year, King Këa of our ruling House led a force against Ch`ing, when Han Ming fought with us in Han, 182 and our forces were defeated and put to flight. In his 4th year, in the summer, in the 4th month, on the day këah-yin, we removed our capital to Talëang. 183 Our king threw open his preserves in the marsh of Fung-ke for the benefit of the people. 184 Sze, a younger brother of Sze-k`eu of Yu-yueh, murdered him,—Mang- ngan,—his ruler, who was succeeded by Woo-chuen. In his 5th year, it rained peih stones in Ch`ing. 185 Some ground there suddenly became longer by 100 cubits and more, and higher by a cubit and a half. In his 6th year, our forces attacked Han-tan, and took Lëeh-jin. 186 They attacked it again, and took Fei. 187 It rained millet in Ts`e.

In his 7th year, we gave to Han-tan Yu-ts`ze 188 and Yang-yih. 189 Our king had a meeting with the prince Le of Ch`ing at Woo-sha. 190 In his 8th year, we led the waters of the Ho into the marsh of P`oo-t`een, 191 and also made great ditches to lead off the waters of the marsh. The people of Hea-yang led the waters of the Ts`ing-e of mount Min all the way from Ts`in to our State. 192 In his 9th year, the forces of Ts`in attacked Ch`ing, camped in Hwae, and walled Yin. 193 In his 10th year, an army from Ts`oo led out the waters of the Ho to overflow the country outside the Long wall. 194 Lung Këa led a body of troops to build the great wall on our western border. 195 Ch`ing took T`wan-lew and Shang-tsze. 196 In his 11th year, the prince Le of Ch`ing sent Heu Shih to surrender to us the cities of P`ingk`ew, Hoo-yew, and Show-yuen, with the country as far as the highway of Ch`ing; while we ourselves took Che-taou and Ch`ing-luh. The king had an interview with the prince Le at Woo-sha, where he agreed to raise the siege of Tsih-yang, and to restore the city of Le to Ch`ing. 197 In his 12th year, the princes Kung of Loo, Hwan of Sung, Ching of Wei, and Le of Ch`ing, all came to our court, in acknowledgment of submission. Woo-chuen, the viscount of Yu-yueh, known as T`an-ch`uh-maou, died, and was succeeded by Woo-këang. In his 13th year, the prince Ching of Han-tan had an interview with the prince Ching of Yen in Ngan-yih. In his 14th year, Kung sun Chwang of Ts`in attacked Ch`ing, and besieged the city of Tsëaou, without being able to take it. He then led his army, and walled Shang-che, 198 Ngan-ling, 199 and San-min. Han-tan attacked Wei, took the hill of Ts`ih-foo, 200 and walled it. The army of Ts`e fought with Yen near the Kow-water, 201 and was put to flight. In his 15th year, T`ëen K`e of Ts`e attacked our eastern border, when a battle was fought at Kwei-yang, 202 in which our forces were defeated and put to flight. The eastern Chow, 203 gave Kaou-too, 204 to Ch`ing. The prince Le of Ch`ing came to acknowledge submission to our king in Chung-yang. King Koo of Sung and Kung-sun Ts`ang of Wei united their forces with those of Wei, to besiege our Sëang-ling. 205 In his 16th year, our king, with the army of Han, defeated the forces of those princes at Sëang-ling, when the prince of Ts`e sent King Shay of Ts`oo to come and ask for peace. The forces of Han-tan defeated us at Kwei-ling. 206 Ts`in attacked the city Oh-yu 207 of Han, when our king Hwuy-ching sent Chaou—and defeated Ts`in.

Note. It is not known under what year this last notice should be ranged.

In his 17th year, Yen attacked Chaou, and laid siege to Chuh-luh, which was saved by king Ling of Chaou, and the people of Tae, who defeated Yen at Choh. 208 Tsin took Yuen-woo and Hwoh-tsih. 209

Note. Hwŏ-tsih is the same as Luy-tsih, the marsh of Luy, where Shun fished.

In his 18th year, Ts`e built a dyke as a part of its great wall. 210 In his 19th year, our king went to Wei, and commanded that Nan the son of its duke should only be prince. His 20th year. In his 21st year, Yin Chin of Wei and Kung-sun Fow of Chaou attacked Yen; and on their return, took Hea-uh, 211 and walled K`euh-yih. 212 In his 22d year, which was jin-yin,213 Sun Ho invaded Ts`oo, and penetrated to the suburbs of San-hoo. 214 Ts`oo attacked Seu-chow.

In his 23d year, Chang of Wei, supported by the forces of Ch`ing, led an army against Ts`oo, and took Shang-ts`ae. 215 Sun Ho took Yin-yang. 216 The duke Heaou of Ts`in had an interview with several of the princes in Fung-tsih. 217 In Keang there was a rent of the earth, extending west to the river Fun. In his 24th year, Wei defeated Han at Ma-ling. 218 His 25th year. In his 26th year, our Jang Ts`ze led a force, and fought with K`ung Yay of Ch`ing in Lëang-hih, 219 when the army of Ch`ing was defeated and put to flight. Afterwards, we fought with T`een P`an at Ma-ling. In his 27th year, in the 5th month, T`een P`an of Ts`e, with the people of Sung, invaded our eastern border, and besieged P`ing-yang. In the 9th month, Yang of Wei, on the part of Ts`in, attacked our western border. In the 10th month, Han-tan attacked our northern border. Our king attacked Yang of Wei, when our troops were defeated and put to flight. In his 28th year, we walled Tse-yang. 220 Ts`in invested Yang of Wei with Woo, the name of which was changed into Shang. 221

In his 29th year, P`ei removed its capital to Sëeh. 222 In the 3rd month, we made a great ditch in our northern suburbs, to carry off the waters of P`oo-t`ëen. His 30th year. In his 31st year, Soo Hoo of Ts`in led a force against Ch`ing, and was defeated by Sëang of Han near Swan-water.

Note. It is not known in what year this took place; but it is given here.

His 32d year. In his 33d year, the prince Wei of Ch`ing, with Han-tan, besieged Sëang-ling. In his 34th year, Hwuy Ch`ing of Wei, this being his 36th year, changed the style of his reign, and called it his 1st year. The king had a meeting with several of the princes in Seu-chow. Woo-këang, the viscount of Yu- yueh, attacked Ts`oo. In his 35th year, Woo-tih of Ts`oo led a force, and in conjunction with Tsin, attacked Ch`ing, and besieged Lun-she. 223

Note. It is not known in what year this took place; but it is given here.

In his 36th year, Ts`oo besieged Ts`e in Seu-chow, and then attacked Yu-yueh, and slew Woo-këang. His 37th year. In his 38th year, our Lung Këa fought with an army of Ts`in at Tëaou-yin, 224 when our forces were defeated, and put to flight. Our king had a meeting with the prince Wei of Ch`ing at Woo-sha. In his 39th year, Ts`in took from us Fung-yin 225 and P`e-she. 226 His 40th year. In his 41st year, Ts`in restored to us Tsëaou and K`euh-yuh. In his 42d year, the nine vases were sunk in the Sze, and lost in the deep. 227 His 43d year. His 44th year. In his 45th year, Ts`oo defeated us at Seang-ling. His 46th year. His 47th year. In his 48th year, the king died.

XXXIII. King Shin-tsing.

Note. Named Ting.

In his 1st year, which was sin-ch`ow (38th of cycle, = B.C. 319), Ts`in took from us K`euh-yuh and P`ing-chow. 228 In his 2d year, king Hwuy-ching of Wei died.

His 3d year, kwei-maou, was the 1st year of our present king. His 4th year.

His 5th year. In his 6th year, the prince of Ch`ing sent Han Shin to restore to us Tsin-yang and Hëang. In the 2d month, we walled Yang and Hëang, changing the name of the former into Ho-yung, 229 and of the other into Kaou-p`ing. 230

XXXIV. King Yin.

Note. The Historical Records call this sovereign king Nan, named Yen. This must be owing to the similarity of sound in Nan and Yin.

In his 1st year, which was ting-we (44th of cycle, = B.C. 313), in the 10th month, king Seuen of Ch`ing came to acknowledge submission in our court of Lëang. Tsze-che of Yen attempted to kill his ruler's eldest so P`ing, but without success. The army of Ts`e killed Tsze-che, and made pickle of his body. In his 2d year, in the country of Ts`e, the ground where they measured the length of the sun's shadow lengthened more than ten cubits, and was elevated a cubit. 231 Wei made Chang E its prime minister. In his 3d year, Han Ming led a force against Sëang-k`ew. The king of Ts`in came, and had an interview with our king at the pass of P`oo-fan. 232 In the 4th month, the king of Yueh sent Kung-sze Yu to present 300 boats, 5,000,000 arrows, with rhinoceros horns, and elephants' teeth. 233 In the 5th month, Chang E died. In his 4th year, Teih Chang attacked Wei. Wei defeated Han Keu, the general of Chaou. In his 5th year, the Loh entered Ching-chow. Waters issued from the hills abundantly. In the 6th year, there were great rains and violent winds. The waters of the Ho overflowed Swan-tsaou. 234 Shoo-chang of Ts`oo came with a force to have a meeting with us, and encamped at Sëang-k`ew. In his 7th year, Teih Chang came to the rescue of Ch`ing, and encamped at Nan-këuh. 235

In his 8th year, Kung-sun Yuen of Ts`in led a force against our city of P`e-she, the siege of which was raised by the succour of Teih Chang. There was a violent west wind. In his 9th year, we walled P`e-she. His 10th year. His 11th year. In his 12th year, Ts`in destroyed our P`oo-fan, Tsin-yang, and Fung- kuh. In his 13th year, Han-tan ordered the Le, the great officers, and their servants, to remove to Këw-yuen. 236 The generals, great officers, sons of the 1st wife, and recorders of Tae, all wore dresses of martens' skins. His 14th year. In his 15th year, the prince of Sëeh came, and had a meeting with our king at Foo-k`ew. The people of Ts`oo penetrated to Yung-she, 237 and were defeated. In his 16th year, our king had a meeting with the king of Ts`e in Han.

This chronicle was finished in the 20th year of our present king.

Notes

1. Reckoning from the 42d year of Show, when Woo succeeded his father, as duke of Chow.

2. 禽=擒. See the acct. of Show's death in the note on par. 1 of `The Successful Completion of the War.'

3. It is diffi. to translate 分天之明. I take 明=明命. Some take 分 as by mistake for 受; but I have brought out the same meaning which that would give. The text will not allow the meaning of—`before day-break' (天尚未明), which Wăn-tsing gives.

4. The 立 or `setting' up of Show's son is to be understood only as I have indicated. There was no participation of the empire with him, as the 分 preceding seems to make Biot suppose.

5. See the note on par. 12 of `The Metal-bound Coffer.'

6. That is, he presented the left ears which had been cut off. See the She, Pt III., Bk. I. Ode vii., 8.

7. See the Shoo Pt. V., Bk. VI.

8. This was `The Announcement about Drunkenness;' but see, in the notes on that Bk. of the Shoo, the controversies about the date and the author. 沫邑=沫邦.

9. The `great gate' was on the left of the 5th or last of the principal gates of the palace. The duke would harangue the nobles in the usual place of `Audience of govt.'

10. 元=首, `the head.' `The dress for the head'=the cap. King Ching was now, it is generally said, 14 years old. His capping=the acknowledgement of him as king.

11. See on `The Metal-bound Coffer,' pp. 12, 13.

12. The portion of Yin, ruled by the king's uncle, Ch`oo.

13. See on the 9th of the Books of Chow.

14. This was said to be done in the last reign.

15. See on the Le Ke, Bk. IV., Pt. iii., p. 17.

16. See on the 15th year of Tsoo-yih.

17. Occupied by descendants of Yaou;—in the pres. dis. of Yih-shing, dep. P`ing-yang.

18. In the dis. of Ch`ang-gan, dep. Se-gan.

19. The chŏ was a song, with music, made by the duke of Chow, and used at a certain part of the service. 勺=汋=酌.

20. See the Pref. to the Shoo, 56th Notice

21. There is no end of difficulty in fixing the meaning of this sentence.

22. See the Introductory note to the xxist of the Books of Chow.

23. That is—`appointed him who was subsequently duke P`ing of Chow.' The duke of Chow was not yet dead.

24. Prob. in the pres. dis of Koo-ngan, dep. of Shun-t`ëen. Not far from Yen.

25. A place of an castern tribe, in the pres. dep. of Tunglae.

26. See on the xxth of the Books of Chow.

27. It is said that when king Woo occupied Haou as his capital, he granted Fung as the appanage of one of his younger brothers, whom Ching degraded for drunkenness.

28. Such representations were hung up before one of the palace gates, and perhaps the gates of public offices generally. Ching thought the people were now so accustomed to the rule of Chow, and acquainted with the laws, that they did not need the lessons of such figures and descriptions.

29. The rulers of Yuĕ, called Yu-yuĕ (于, or 於.越), were descendants of Yu the Great. The capital was on the north of Hwuy-k`e.

30. See on the She, Pt. III., Bk. II., Ode. viii.

31. The pres. dis. of Fang, dep. Yun-yang, Hoo-pih. Here, it is said, Shun placed Choo, the son of Yaou.

32. A dis. of dep. Se-ngan. Here Ke-leih had at one time his capital.

33. That is, he made all the necessary changes connected with the introduction of his father's shrine into the temple, and sacrificed to him.

34. Supposed to be in 3d of the 2d Bk. of the Praise-songs of Chow.

35. It would appear from `The Testamentary Charge,' par. 10, that he was dead before this.

36. This change of site was not great.

37. See the xxivth of the Books of Chow.

38. In dis. of E-she, dep. P`oo-chow, Shan-se.

39. Including the stars about the north pole.

40. In Ch`ing Chow, dep. K`ae-fung. Its chiefs were of the family of the duke of Chow.

41. In the dis. Ch`ang-tsze, dep. Loongan, Shan-se.

42. This palace is supposed to have been somehow in commemoration of his father, king Ch`aou. The baron of Sin is represented in some accounts as having rescued him from the Han, though he died in consequence of the fright and injuries received.

43. In Hwa Chow, dep. T`ung-chow, Shen-se.

44. In the pres. dep. of Seu-chow, Keang-soo.

45. King Muh was famous for his horses; he had several, —`Spurn the earth,' `Mount the clouds,' &c.

46. Should probably be Tsing (井).

47. others, in Ts`in; others far beyond, 3,000 le from Tsung-chow.

48. An ancestor of the House of Ts`in, famous for his skilful and rapid driving.

49. Probably in dis. of Hea-yih, dep. Kwei-tih. It was near the capital of the early kings of Hea.

50. That is `Tigers' Hold,' in dis. of Ke-shwuy, dep. K`ae-fung. Muh kept tigers here.

51. That is of `storied peih gems.'

52. Supposed to be in the very distant west. Biot says:—`The great lake of the country of Cashgar.'

53. Dis. of Chaoushing, dep. P`ing-yang.

54. It is understood that this Record was a history of the rise and fall of dynasties and States, down to the commencement of the Chow dyn. King Muh had come to himself, and was ashamed of his wars, wanderings, and extravagance.

55. 泲=濟 See the Tribute of Yu, Pt. ii. p. 10.

56. Hăng makes this out to be only a bridge of boats

57. See the 27th of the Books of Chow.

58. Given as in the dis. of Hing-p`ing, dep. Se-ngan (Biot). Hăng Ch`in-fung contends this was a different place, and that the site is not known. He strongly repudiates the idea that in the movement of king E, or the previous one of Muh to Ch`ing, we are to understand anything like a transference of the capital.

59. In dis. of Nan-yang, dep. Nan-yang, Ho-nan.

60. Fei-tsze, of the House of Ts`in, was employed to look after the king's horses here.

61. Dep. of Ching-too, Sze-ch`uen.

62. In the pres. dis. of Sin-ts`ae, dep. Joo-ning, Ho-nan.

63. See under the 1st year of the emp. Mang of the Hea dynasty. I know not whether this service was connected with the reception of the people of Leu and Shuh, or not.

64. See the history of the House of Ts`e (齊 世 家), in the Historical Records.

65. Hǎng would change 社 into 杜

66. In dis. Chuh-san, dep. Yun-yang, Hoo-pih.

67. In dis. of Woo-ch`ang.

68. As king Muh built a palace after the name of his father, king Ch`aou.

69. Yung must be the name of a principality. The dict., however, says nothing of this on the character.

70. Acc. to the Chow Joo, the king employed a diviner or magician in this work.

71. In dis. of Chaou-yih, dep. Se-ngan.

72. In dis. of Fun-se, dep. P`ing-yang.

73. The king's son was hidden in the duke of Shaou's house, who gave up his own son instead of him.

74. This is a sure epoch, acknowledged by all Chinese chronologists. Instead of there being only one regent, however, as these Annals say, the more common accounts make out two, Kung and Ho, the dukes of Chow and Shaou.

75. These were afterwards known as the Hëungnoo.

76. If this be the Lŏ river, or the State so called near it, we must suppose that the hordes of Ts`oo had come far north on an invading raid.

77. These were charges for military services, regulated by the quality of the lands. They had been neglected during the exile of the last king.

78. This coming of the prince of Han to court is celebrated in the She, Pt. III., Bk. III., Ode vii. Mention is made of Kwei-foo.

79. This expedition is celebrated in the She, Pt. II., Bk. III., Ode iii.

80. See the She, Pt. II., Bk. III., Ode iv.

81. See the She, Pt. III., Bk. III., Ode vi. Fan was in the dis. of Tse-yuen, dep. Hwae-k`ing. We are to understand the metropolis of Tse.

82. 考=成 `to finish.' What apartments are intended, it is impossible to say. They may have been, as many suppose, those of a palace in honour of his father.

83. See the She, Pt. II.. Bk. III., Ode v.

84. On the north of the dis. of T`ae-p`ing, dep. P`ingyang, between it and the small dep. of Këang. The old capital Yih was also in dep. of P`ingyang.

85. To-foo was a younger son of king Le, and a brother of king Seuen.

86. In a field of 1,000 acres, the emperor turned up a furrow in the spring, to set the people an example of husbandry; the princes did the same in one of 100 acres. From a passage in the Chow Joo, we are led to suppose that Seuen had neglected this practice from the beginning of his reign. The Annals here give us a different impression. The phrase 藉田 is variously explained.

87. Hăng Ch`in-fung thinks that T`ëaou and Pun were the surnames of the wild tribes spoken of. Those who make them the names of places entirely fail in identifying Pun.

88. This seems to have been in the dis. of Gŏyang, dep. P`ing-yang. The Këang hordes, said to be descended from Yaou's principal minister, `the Four Mountains,' were numerous and powerful.

89. This T`ae-yuen was in dis. King-yang, dep. Se-ngan.

90. In the dis. Paou-ke, dep. Fung-ts`ëang.

91. In dis. of K`euh-yuh, dep. P`ing-yang.

92. To-foo, mentioned here, was a younger brother of king Seuen, by whom he had been invested with the principality of Ch`ing. He wished to appropriate the State of Tsăng, which was afterwards done by one of his successors. That State was at this time only subdued. Where Ch`ing-foo was, is not exactly known.

93. As if anticipating the capture, which took place ere long, of the existing capital; but where this Heang was is much debated.

94. These belonged to the Keang tribes.

95. ? In Shen Chow, Ho-nan.

96. 太室 is to be taken here as on the occasion of its previous occurrence. This is plain from the She, Pt. II., Book V., Ode iv., which, probably, refers to this meeting of king Yew and the princes.

97. See the xxxth of the Books of Chow.

98. Ching-chow is Lŏ. The transference of the capital is the subject of the She, Pt. II., Bk. V., Ode ix.

99. 畤=神靈之所依止, `the place where the spirit rests.' Seang, the prince of Ts`in, elated with his new acquisitions in the west, made this altar, where he sacrificed to God. The presumption was somewhat disguised by making the sacrifice be to `the white god' (白帝).

100. A small State on the north of Ts`e.

101. ? The dignity of duke. The 10th ode of the She, Bk. V., Pt. II., is referred to this time.

102. The dis. of Hwuy-ch`uen, dep. K`ae-fung. The Ts`in flowed into the Hwuy. See the 13th of the Songs of Ch`ing, in the She, Part I.

103. The Këen is a tributary of the Wei. It gives name to the dis. of Këenyang, dep. Fung-ts`ëang.

104. A Han, we saw, was walled by Yen in the 12th year of king Ching. That was in dis. of Koo-ngan, dep of Shun-t`ëen. A branch of that House had settled itself in the dis. of Han-shing, dep. T`ungchow, Shen-se, which was the Han here spoken of.

105. The story is, that two boys, who changed into pheasants, had made their appearance, and it was known, in a wonderful way, that he who got the female would become chief among the princes, while the possessor of the male would become king. They were called `The precions ones of Ch`in,' from the place where they appeared. Duke Wăn of Ts`in caught the female, which changed into a stone; and he appointed a sacrifice to them in the pres. dis. of Paou-ke, dep. Fung-ts`ëang.

106. In the dis. so called of dep. P`ing-yang.

107. Mentioned in the note above as the capital of Tsin from the time of prince Heaou. It was in the dis. of Yih-shing, dep. of P`ing-yang.

108. In the dis. of Tsow, dep. Yen-chow.

109. In the dis. of Sze-shwuy, dep. Yen-chow.

110. To the west of the river Fun (汾水).

111. That is, could only bring into the field 12,500 men.

112. There seems to be something wanting here.

113. In dis. Yung-ho, dep. T`ung-chow.

114. In the small dep. of Këae, Shan-se.

115. This 郊 must be the name of a place. There is the reading of 郏.

116. In the dis. of Tung-o, dep. T`ae-ngan.

117. 蜮,—see the She, Pt. II., Bk. V., Ode v., st. 8. It is described as `a short fox,' which lived in the water, where it filled its mouth with sand, which it shot at the shadows of persons on the bank, who thereon became sick.

118. In the small dep. of Këang, Shan-se.

119. This had been one of the capitals of Shang.

120. A city of Kwoh.

121. This name is difficult to explain. Hea, perhaps, was the name of the officer's city, from which he was called Hea-foo. Then Leu would be his name, and Sang would denote his relationship to duke Hëen.

122. In dis. of E-she, dep. P`oo-chow.

123. In Lin-tsin dis., same dep.

124. In Këae Chow.

125. Also in Këae Chow.

126. In north-west of Këae Chow.

127. Or `the Bend of the Ho,' in dep. of P`oo-chow, where the river bends to the east.

128. Tsze-yu=duke Hwae.

129. Mentioned under the 13th year of king Hwan.

130. Probably in the dis. Măng, dep. Hwae-k`ing. The style of this par. is sufficiently remarkable. The king appears on a level with the princes.

131. The text of this par. is evidently corrupt and defective.

132. This name is not elsewhere found. Ch`in-fung guesses that it should be 泂 or 向.

133. Probably in dep. of Keih-gan, Këang-se.

134. `The widow;'—four stars, about the middle of Capricorn.

135. `Old Wei;'—i. e. Chaou-ko, formerly the capital of Wei, but now belonging to Tsin.

136. In dis. Ts`ing-fung, dep. Ta-ming, Chih-le.

137. There were no fewer than 7 Tan-waters. The one here was also called the P`ëen 汳; on which see the dictionary.

138. These two States lay along the seaboard, embracing a considerable portion of Keang-soo and Chĕ-keang. Woo was the more northern of the two.

139. The Kwei took its rise from a mountain in the east of dis. of Këang, in the dep. of the same name, in Shan-se.

140. This took its rise in the dis. Kaou-p`ing, dep. Tsih-chow.

141. There was more than one Lang-ya. That here was in the dis. of Choo-shing, dep. Ts`ing-chow, Shan-tung.

142. Kin Le-ts`eang observes that Tan-chih are to be read together as one word, `after the syllabic way of the west,' being the viscount's name in the speech of Yuĕ.

143. In the dep. of Joo, Ho-nau.

144. In dis. of T`ang, dep. Paou-ting.

145. Supposed to be a place on the river Lae (浹).

146. In the dis. of Loo-she, Shen Chow, Ho-nan.

147. In the dis. of Ngan-k`ew, dep. Ts`ing-chow, Shan-tung.

148. Probably in dis. of Keu-yay, dep. Ts`aou-chow.

149. In dep. of Tsih-chow, Shan-se.

150. 潔 here is taken as=擊.

151. The incidents referred to here are not clearly related elsewhere. I am strongly inclined to believe, with some critics, that for 大夫 we should read 夫人; so the meaning is that duke Yew was murdered by his wife, a lady of the House of Ts`in, in his chamber,—his own private and peculiar apartment.

152. The 子 here=officer or chief.

153. In dis. of Ling-ch`uen, dep. Tsih-chow.

154. In dis. of Ch`ang-loh, dep. Ts`ing-chow.

155. In Shang Chow, Shen-se. —By `our' southern border is meant the southern border of Wei. Whereas the Annals have, from the accession of king P`ing, been those more particularly of Tsin, from the 1st year of king K`aou, the 1st also of prince Wan of Wei, they relate to that State.

156. This Keu-sze is not read of elsewhere.

157. At this time the family of T`ëen had engrossed the power of Ts`e, over which it asserted ere long sole authority. Still a prince of the House of Leu was nominally ruling, and we can only translate 田公 as I have done.

158. In dis. of Han-tan, dep. Kwang-p`ing, Chih-le. This was the chief city of the House—shortly, the State—of Chaou, one of the dismemberments of Tsin, and we shall find it often used for Chaou.

159. The dis. T`ăng, dep. Yen-chow.

160. Dis. of T`an-shing, dep. E-chow, Shan-tung.

161. Not clearly ascertained.

162. Both these places were in dep. of T`ung-chow, where there is still the dis. of Hŏ-yang. 汾 seems to be a mistake for 洛.

163. In the dis. of Yun-shing, dep. Ts`aou-chow. In most editions of the Annals, Lin-k`ew is said to have been held by Kung-sun Sun, which is evidently wrong. Hăng Ch`infung reads 會 instead of 孫. The events indicated in the par. cannot be clearly gathered from other sources.

164. Teih Keoh was of Wei.

165. This appears to have been a wall built by the chiefs of T`een, running from Mt. T`ae to Lang-ya.

166. Here was the imperial sanction to the extinction of the ancient State of Tsin, and the usurpations of the three Houses mentioned. See the note on Mencius, I., Pt. I., i. 1.

167. These were merely nominal dukes.

168. It is necessary to supplement the text here. The ruler of Wei sent away his son Hwan to avoid future troubles;—which, however, occurred in course of time.

169. Should, probably, be 汾陽, still the name of a dis., dep. Fun-chow.

170. In Këae Chow.

171. In Këang Chow.

172. His ruler was also his father. The thing is related confusedly, here and elsewhere.

173. I have translated here according to the suggestions or conjectures of Hăng Ch`in-fung, who thinks the text is corrupt or mutilated. The capital being now in Woo, 吳 人=越人.

174. In the south of the dis. of Yen-tsin, dep. Wei-hwuy.

175. Hăng argues that this passage should come in under the 12th year of king Hëen.

176. In dis. of Ch`ang-tsze, dep. Loongan.>

177. In dis. of Ho-nuy. dep, of Hwaek`ing.

178. In dis. of Ch`ang-kŏ, dep. of Heu. It formerly belonged to Han, but had now, perhaps, passed into the possession of Chaou.

179. In dis. of Kwan-shing, dep. Tung-ch`ang.

180. In dis. of Ho-nuy, dep. Hwae-k`ing.

181. In dis. of Lan-t`ëen, dep. Se-ngan.

182. This battle was at a place called Puh-yang (濮陽), on the Puh-water, which had formerly belonged to Wei, but was now held by Han or Ch`ing.

183. Dis. city of Ts`ëang-foo, dep. K`ae-fung;—what is called K`ae-fung.

184. This marsh was not far from the capital. This was one of the measures for which king Hwuy took credit with Mencius. See Mencius, I. Bk. I., iii., 1.

185. In dis. of Këang-ling, dep. King-chow, Hoo-pih.

186. Probably in dis. of Kwang-p`ing, dep. Kwang-p`ing, Chih-le.

187. In dis. Fei-hëang, same dept.

188. Both in dep. T`ae-yuen, where we have still the dis. of Yu-ts`ze.

189. Both in dep. T`ae-yuen, where we have still the dis. of Yu-ts`ze.

190. A place upon the river Tse.>

191. In dis. of Chung-mow, dep. K`ae-fung.

192. The construction of this passage is not easy. The Ts`ing-e flows from the dis. of Loo-san, dep. Ya-chow, Sze-ch`uen, and ultimately joins the Këang. Seu Tsing-san thinks the meaning is that the people of Hea-yang had performed the service described for Ts`in, and in this year came back to Wei. The meaning in the translation is more natural, and is preferred by Hăng Ch`in-fung.

193. In dis. Ho-nuy, dep. Hwaek`ing. But the reading is not sure.

194. 楚 is here evidently corrupt. Granting that there was in its dominions an erection called `The Long Wall,' it was too remote from the Ho to allow of our supposing any such attempt on its part as is described. Hǎng Ch`in-fung would substitute 韓 for 楚.

195. It is observed that this was the commencement of the Great Wall.

196. Shang-tsze is another name for Ch`ang-tsze, pres. name of the district to which T`wan-lew is referred. See above.

197. Wei was at this time pressing Han hard, and the surrenders here mentioned were made to obtain peace. `The highway of Ch`ing' had formerly been called `The general Road' (逵路). All the places spoken of are to be looked for in dep. of K`ae-fung.

198. In dis. of Tse-yuen, dep. Hwae-k`ing.

199. In dis. Yen-ling, dep. K`ae-fung.

200. In dis. of Ch`ang-yuen, dep. Ta-ming, Chih-le.

201. Flows thro' the dis. of P`ing-kuh, dep. Shunt`ëen.

202. Kwei-yang,—prob.=the north of the Kwei river. I have not found any determination of the place.

203. This was the emperor, now merely `the shadow of a great name.'

204. In dis. Lŏ-yang, dept. Ho-nan.

205. In sub. dep. of Shuy, dep. Kwei-tih.

206. In dis. O-tsih, dep. Ts`aou-chow.

207. Dis. of Yu-shay, dep. Lëaou, Shan-se.

208. In dis. Wang-too, dep. Paou-ting.

209. Hwŏtsih,—the marsh of Hwŏ, but here the name of a city in the dis. of Yang-shing, dep. Tsih-chow. Yuen-woo must also be the name of a city. But this notice is evidently out of place.—What have we to do at this date with Tsin?

210. This wall of Ts`e has been mentioned before, under the 18th year of king Wei-lëĕ. It was intended as a protection against Ts`oo. 防, `a dyke' or embankment against a stream, is used here for a wall, a defence against an enemy.

211. Both in the pres. Ting Chow, Chih-le.

212. Both in the pres. Ting Chow, Chih-le.

213. Here is evidently a corruption of the text. Jin-yin was not the 22d year of king Hëen. Seu Wăn-tsing supposes we should read 王命.

214. Prob. in dis. of Nuyhëang, dep. Nan-yang.

215. Still the name of a dis., dep. Joo-ning.

216. Belonging to Ts`oo, dis. of Lin-ying, Hëen Chow.

217. The marsh of Fung;—has occurred before.

218. Le. `the hill of Ma,' in dep. Ta-ming.

219. Near K`ae-fung. Perhaps we should translate—`fought at night with K`ung of Ch`ing.'

220. Dis. Tse-yang, dep. Tse-nan.

221. Shang Chow of Shen-se.

222. In dep. of T`ăng, dep. Yen-chow.

223. In dis. Tăng-fung, dep. Ho-nan.

224. In dis. of Kan-ts`euen, dep. Yenngan, Shen-se.

225. In dis. Yung-ho, dep. P`oo-chow.

226. In dis. Ho-tsin, Këang Chow.

227. This statement is much debated. What could have taken the vases to the Sze?

228. In dis Këae-hëw, dep. Fun-chow, Shan-se.

229. In dis. Ho-nuy, dep. Hwaek`ing.

230. In dis. Tse-yuen, dep. Hwae-k`ing.

231. I suppose the meaning is what I have given. We had the account of a similar phenomenon before, tho' 景長 here occasions difficulty.

232. In dis. of Yung-tse, dep. P`oochow.

233. This notice must be out of place. Why should Yuĕ have sent these things to Wei, and how could it have sent the boats?

234. Yen-tsin, dep. Wei-hwuy.

235. In Sih Chow, Shan-se.

236. Very remote, north-west of the pres. Yu-lin, Shem-se, more than 700 le. The par. is obscure, and the event is not elsewhere clearly related.

237. In sub. dep. of Yu, dep. K`ae-fung.

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