<Previous Section>
<Next Section>

喪服

諸侯為天子斬衰三年何?"普天之下,莫非王土;率土之賓,莫非王臣。" 臣之於君,猶子之於父,明至尊、臣子之義也。《喪服經》曰:"諸侯為天子斬衰三年。"

天子為諸侯

天子為諸侯絕(其) [期]何? 示同愛百姓,明不獨親[其親]也。 故《禮·中庸》曰: "期之喪達乎(諸侯)[大夫],三年之喪達乎天子。" 卿大夫降緦,重公正也。

禮,庶人[為]國君服齊衰三月。王者崩,京師之民喪三月何?民賤[而王貴], 故(思)[恩]淺,故三月而已。

天子七月而葬,諸侯五月而葬者,則民始哭祟服,先葬三月成齊衰, 期月以成禮葬君也。

禮不下庶人、所以為民制[服]何?禮不下庶人者,尊卑制度也。服者、恩從內發,故為之制也。

王者崩,臣下服之有先後何?恩有深淺遠近,故制有日月。《檀弓記》曰:"天子崩,三日祝先服,五日官長服,七日國中男女服,三月天下服。"

三年之喪何二十五月?以為古民質,痛於死者,不封不樹,喪期無數,亡之則除。 後代聖人因天地萬物有終始,而為之制,以期斷之。父至尊,母至親,故為(於) [加] 隆以盡孝子[之] 恩。恩愛至深,加之則倍。故再期二十五月也。禮有取於三,故謂之三年。緣其漸三年之氣也。 故《春秋傳》曰:"三年之喪,其實二十五月"也。

三年之喪不以閏月數何?以其言期也期而小祥。 期者、復其時也。

大功已下月數,故以閏月除。《禮·士虞經》曰:言"期而小祥",又"期而大祥"。

喪禮必制衰麻何?以副意也。服以飾情,情貌相配,中外相應。故吉凶不同服, 歌哭不同聲,所以表中誠也。

布衰裳,麻絰,(蕭)[箭]舞,繩纓,苴杖,為略反本。絰者、亦示也, 故揔而載之,示有喪也。

腰絰者、以(伐)[代]紳帶也。所以結之何?思慕腸若結也。必再結之何? 明思慕無已。

所以必杖者,孝子失親,悲哀哭泣,三日不食,身體(贏)[羸]病,故杖以扶身, 明不以死傷生也。

禮、童子婦人不杖者,以其不能病也。《禮》曰:"斬衰三日不食,(齋)[齊)衰二日 不食,大功一日不食,小功緦麻,一日、不食,再不食可也。"

[所]以[杖)竹、(桐)何?取其名也。竹者、蹙也,桐者、痛也。

父以竹,母以桐何?竹者、陽也,桐者、陰也。竹何以為陽? 竹斷而用之, 質、故為陽。桐削而用之,加人功,文、故為陰也。故《禮》曰:"苴杖竹也。削杖桐也。"

所以,必居倚廬何?孝子哀,不欲聞人之聲,又不欲居故處,居中門之外。 倚木為廬, 質反古也。不在門外何? 成不虞故也。故《禮大傳》曰:"父母之葬,居倚廬。" 於中門外東培下,戶北面。練而居(聖)[堊]室,無(餘)[飾]之室。

又曰:"婦人不居倚廬。"

又曰:"天子七日。"又曰:"公諸侯五日,卿大夫三日而服成。"

居外門內(赤)[東]壁下為廬。寢苫塊,哭晝無夜時,不脫絰帶。既虞,寢有席,蔬食飲水, 朝一哭,夕一哭而已。既練,舍外寢,居堊室,始食菜果,(及)[反]累食,哭無時。二十五月而大祥,飲醴酒,食乾肉。二十七月而禫,通祭宗廟,去喪之殺也。

喪禮不言者何?思慕盡情也。

言不文者,指謂士民。不言而事成者, 國君卿大夫杖而謝賓。財少恃力,面垢作身,不言而事具者,故號哭盡情。

喪有病,得飲酒食肉何?所以輔人生已,重先祖遣支體也。 故《曲體》曰:"居喪之禮,頭有瘡則沐,身有瘍則浴,有疾則飲酒食肉。"五十不致毀 ,[六十不毀],七十唯衰麻在身,飲酒食肉。

又曰:"父母有疾,食肉不至變味,飲酒不至變兒。笑不至 蚓,怒不至詈, 琴瑟不御。"

《曾子問》曰:"三年之喪,練、不群立,不旅行。禮以 飾情,三年之喪而(吊)[弔]哭, 不亦虛乎?"

《禮·檀弓》曰:"曾子有母之 喪。"弔子張。子張者朋友,有服,雖重服,(吊)[弔]之可也。

《曾子問》曰: 小、功可以與祭乎?"孔子曰:"斬衰已下與祭,禮也。" 此謂君喪然也。

子夏問: "三年之喪,既卒哭,金革之事無避者,禮與?"孔子曰:"吾聞諸老聃曰:"魯。 公、伯禽則有為之也。"今以三年之喪從其利者,吾不知也。"

婦人不出境(吊)[弔)者,婦人無外事,防淫佚也。《禮·雜記》曰:"婦人越 (彊)[疆]而(吊)[弔],非禮也。"而有三年喪,君與夫人俱往。禮、妻為父母 服,夫亦當服。

有不(吊)[弔]三何?為人臣子,常懷恐懼,深思遠慮,志在全身。今乃畏, 厭、溺死,用為不義,故不(吊)[弔]也。《檀弓》曰:"不(吊)[弔]三,畏、厭、溺"也。

畏者、兵死也。

《禮(魯)[曾]子記》曰:"大辱加於身,(皮) [支]體毀傷,即君不臣,士不交,祭不得為昭穆之尸,食不得昭穆之牲,死不得葬 [昭]穆之(城)[域]"也。

弟子為師服者,弟子有(臣君)[君臣]、父子、朋友之道也。故生則尊敬而親 之, 死則哀痛之,恩深羲重,故為之隆服,入則絰,出則否。

《檀弓》曰:"昔夫子 之喪顏回,若喪子而無服,喪子路亦然。請喪(天)[夫]子若喪父而無服"也。

《曾子問》曰:"君薨既殯,而臣有父母之喪,則如之何?"孔子曰:"歸居于 家, 有殷事則之君所,朝夕否。"曰:"君既(斂)[啟],而臣有父母之喪,則如之 何?"孔子曰:"歸(殯)哭, 而反(于)[送]君。"[曰]:"[君末殯而臣有冬 母之喪],[則如之何]?"[孔子曰]: "[歸殯],[反于君所], [有]殷事則 歸,朝夕否。大夫、(家)[室]老行事,士、則子孫行事。[大]夫內子,有殷事, 則亦如之君所,朝夕否。"

諸侯有親喪,聞天子崩,奔喪者何?屈己。親親猶尊尊之義也。 《春秋傳》曰:"天子記崩不記葬者,必其時葬也。諸侯記葬,不必有 時。"諸侯為有天子喪奔, 不得必以共時葬也。

大夫使受命而出,聞父母之喪,非君命不反者,蓋重君也。 故《春秋傳》曰:"大夫以君命出,聞喪,徐行不反。"

諸侯 朝,而有私喪得還何? 凶服不入公門。君不呼之義也。凶服不敢入公門者,明尊朝廷, 吉凶不相干。 故《周宮》曰:"凶服不入公門。"《曲禮》曰:"居喪不言樂,祭事不 言凶,公庭不言婦女。" 《論語》曰:"子於是日哭,則不歌。"

臣下有大喪,不呼其 門者,使得終其孝道,成其大禮。 《春秋傳》曰:"古者臣有大喪,君三年不呼其 門。"

聞(哀)[喪],哭而後行何?盡裒舒憤然後行。望國境則哭,過市朝則否。 君子 自抑,小人勉以及禮。見星則止,日行百里,惻怛之心,但欲兒尸柩汲汲故。 《禮·奔喪[記] 》[曰]:"以哭苔使者,盡哀。問故,遂行。"曾子曰:" 師[行]三十里, (者)[吉]行五十里,奔喪百里。"

既除喪,乃歸哭於墓何?明死者不可見,痛傷之至也。謂喪不得追服者也。哭於墓而已。故《禮·奔喪記》曰:"之墓,西向哭止。"此謂遠出歸後葬,喪服以禮除。

曾子與客立於門,其徒趨而出。曾子曰:"爾將何之?"曰:"吾父死,將出哭於巷。" 曾子曰:"反哭於爾次。"曾子北面而(吊)[弔]焉。

《檀弓記》曰:"孔子 曰:"吾惡乎哭諸?兄弟、吾哭諸廟門之外,師、吾哭諸寢,朋友,吾哭諸寢門外,所 知、吾哭諸野。" "

養從生,葬從死。周公以王禮葬何? 以為周公踐(祚)[阼]理政,與天同志,展 (與) [興]周道,顯天度數,萬物咸得,休氣(允寒)[充塞],原天之意,(予) [子] 愛周公,與文、武無異,故以王禮葬,使得郊祭。《尚書》曰:"今天動威以彰周公之德。"下言"禮亦宜之"。

XLII. Mourning Garments

274---The Mourning of the Feudal Lords for the Son of Heaven (IV B. 4a).

a. Why is it that the Feudal Lords wear the three years' mourning in unhemmed sackcloth for the Son of Heaven? "Under the wide Heaven there is no land which is not the King's, of all the guests on the earth there is none who is not the King's subject" 1. The subject is towards his Lord as the son is towards his father, that is: [there is between them] the relation of the most exalted and the subject and son. The Sang fu ching says: "The Feudal Lords wear the three years' mourning in unhemmed sackcloth for the Son of Heaven" 2.

b. The Son of Heaven for the Feudal Lords ..... 3.

c. Why do the Son of Heaven and the Feudal Lords cut off the one year's mourning? 4 It means that they love the Hundred Clans equally, and that they do not limit themselves to loving their relatives. Therefore the Li chung yung says: "The one year's mourning extends up to the great officers, the three years' mourning extends to the Son of Heaven" 5. The Minister and the great officer [obtain the right of] reducing the mourning period [for some of their relatives] to three months in order to honour their public position 6.

275---The Mourning of the Common People for Their Lord (IV B. 4a-b).

a. Why is it that according to the rites the 'common man who is officially employed' 7 wears the three months' mourning in 'hemmed sackcloth' 8 for the Lord of the state, and at the death of the King the common people in the capital mourn for three months? The people are lowly, whereas the King is exalted; therefore the favours [he bestows on them] are small, so that they can suffice with no more than three months [of mourning].

b. Since the Son of Heaven is buried seven months, and a Feudal Lord five months [after their deaths], the people [after the news of death] begin to weep and wear plain clothes. Three months before the funeral they put on the hemmed sackcloth, and after the prescribed months [of mourning], following the funeral of the Lord, they have accomplished their ritual [duties].

c. Since the rites do not affect the common man, why are mourning clothes devised for the people? The [meaning of the] rites not affecting the common man 9 is that there are [different] standards and regulations for the high and the lowly. [But] mourning garments are the outward expressions of the inner feelings, therefore they are devised for them [also].

276---The Order of Putting on Mourning Garments T(IV B. 4b).

Why is it that at the death of the King the subjects put on their mourning garments according to [a prescribed] order? The favours [of the King] have been great or small, extensive or limited; therefore the regulation [varies] from days to months. The T'an kung chi says: "The third day after the death of the Son of Heaven the 'officers of prayer' 10 as the first put on their mourning garments, on the fifth day the heads of the departments follow, on the seventh day the men and women in the King's domain follow, and in the course of three months all under Heaven have assumed their mourning garments" 11.

277---The Meaning of the Three Years' Mourning (IV B. 4b-5a).

a. Why does the three years' mourning last twenty-five months? Because the people of antiquity were primitive, and, fearing the dead, "did not raise mounds neither planted trees [on their graves]; they had no fixed period for mourning" 12, and, when they forgot 13, they [simply] discarded [their mourning clothes]. The Sages of later ages, in conformity with [the fact that] the ten thousand things [created] by Heaven and Earth [in one year] have their beginning and end, established for them institutions according to which [the mourning] expired after a term of one round year 14. [But] the father is the most exalted while the mother is the most beloved, therefore an 'extension' 15 [of the mourning period] is made, so that the filial son may exhaust his feelings of affection. As his affection and love are most profound the extension amounts to a redoubling. Therefore [his mourning period] lasts two terms of one year, that is twenty-five months 16. The rites take [their norm] from [the number of] three. Therefore [this mourning is] called three years ['mourning] because [the period of twenty-five months] approaches the fluid of the third year 17. Therefore the Ch'un ch'iu chuan says: "The mourning term of three calendrical years is in reality twenty-five months" 18.

b. Why is it that in the three years' mourning period the intercalary month is not counted? Because of the use of the term chi 'round year'. Chi means covering the [full] time 19.

c. The mourning periods of nine months and less is counted by months, therefore the intercalary month is subtracted 20. The Li shih yü ching says: "After one round year the Small Auspicious Sacrifice is performed, after two round years the Great Auspicious Sacrifice" 21.

278---Sackcloth and Hempen Fillets (IV B. 5a-b).

a. Why is it that for the mourning rites the wearing of sackcloth is prescribed? It is to bring it into accordance with one's feelings. Clothes are the adornments of one's emotions. Emotion and ap- pearance should match each other, the interior and the exterior should correspond with each other. Therefore the clothes are not alike for joy and for grief, the voice is not alike in singing and in wailing. [Each is] the expression of one's inner sincerity.

b. The coat and shirt of sackcloth, the hempen fillets, the bamboo hairpin, the hatstrings of cord, and the coarse staff are [all] indications of a reverting to the origin 22. The fillets indicate that there has been a disaster 23, and used together [with the other things] they indicate that it is a case of death.

c. The waist-fillet replaces the large girdle with sashes. Why is it tied in a knot? [The son] thinks with reverential [affection of the deceased], and his feelings are such that they seem to be tied in a knot. Why must there be two knots? It means that the affection is never-ending.

279---The Staff (IV B. 5b).

a. Why must [the chief-mourner] carry a staff? The filial son, having lost his parent, was so afflicted with grief that during three days he could not eat but only weep; his body [consequently] became emaciated and ill. Therefore he carries a staff to support himself, meaning that he should not on behalf of the dead endanger his life.

b. According to the rites neither a young boy nor a wife are required to carry a staff because they cannot [bear the hardships of extreme] suffering 24. The Li says: "He who wears the three years' mourning in unhemmed sackcloth does not take food for three days; he who wears the three years' mourning in hemmed sackcloth does not take food for two days; he who wears the nine month's mourning does not take food for one day; he who wears the five months' mourning or the three months' mourning does not take two meals in one day, such being a sufficient [abstinence]" 25.

c. Why is the staff made of bamboo or of the [wood of the] t'ung [tree]? The names [of these plants] are taken [as symbols]. 'Bamboo' chu means ts'u 'to stamp the feet" 26. T'ung means t'ung 'grieved' 27.

d. Why is a staff of bamboo used for [the death of] the father, and a staff of the t'ung wood for [that of] the mother? Bamboo is yang, the t'ung [wood] is yin. Why is bamboo yang? A bamboo [-stem] is [simply] cut to be used [as a staff]; it is primitive and so represents the yang. [A branch of] the t'ung [tree] has its bark removed before it is used [as a staff]; it undergoes dressing by human skill, and so it is yin. Therefore the Li says: "The coarse staff is of bamboo, the staff without bark is of t'ung [wood]" 28.

280---The Mourning Shed (IV B. 6a-b).

a. Why must [the mourner] occupy a mourning shed 29? The filial son is so grieved that he does not wish to hear the voices of the people, neither does he wish to live in the dwelling where the disaster has taken place; [therefore] he takes up his abode outside the middle gate, building a hut by propping beams [against the wall. The structure should be] primitive, and [means] a reverting to antiquity. Why [is the hut] not placed outside the [outer] gate? To avoid unforeseen dangers. Therefore the Li chien chuan says: "During the mourning for his father or his mother [the son] dwells in the mourning shed" 30. This shed is situated outside the middle gate, below the eastern wall, with an opening facing north 31. [After one year when he has adopted the cap of] bleached silk 32 he dwells in the unplastered chamber 33, which is a room without any adornments.

b. It is further said: "The wife does not dwell in the mourning shed" 34.

c. Again: "For the Son of Heaven the mourning garments are fully assumed seven days [after his death], for a Ducal Minister or a Feudal Lord five days, for a Minister or a great officer three days [after the death]" 35.

d. [The mourner] dwells [in the mourning shed] inside the outer gate, having built the hut below the eastern wall. He sleeps on rough straw with a clod for his pillow, wailing unceasingly, and not taking off his head-fillet or girdle. After the [sacrifice] 36 he sleeps on a mat, eats coarse food and drinks water, wailing only once in the morning and once in the evening. After he has assumed the cap of bleached silk he takes up his abode in the outer chamber, living in the unplastered room; he begins to enjoy [again] vegetables and fruit, and eats his ordinary dishes, while he wails unceasingly [whenever he thinks of the deceased] 37. In the twenty-fifth month [after the death] the Great Auspicious Sacrifice is per- formed, he then drinks unfermented wine and eats dried meat 38. In the twenty-seventh month the t'an [sacrifice] is performed, which may take place at the same time as the [seasonal] sacrifices in the ancestral temple; [then he] puts off the last vestiges of his mourning 39.

281---Not to Speak During the Mourning Rites (IV B. 6b).

a. Why is it that according to the rites [the mourner does] not speak during his period of mourning? He thinks with reverential [affection of the deceased], and cherishes the deepest feelings of sorrow.

b. [This, however, means that during the time of mourning the mourner does] not use cultivated language in his speech, which applies to the common officers and the people. [He who can afford] not to speak [at all] while his affairs are completely attended to [by others] is the Lord of a state. The Ministers and great officers carrying their [mourning] staff [have to speak with and] see off their guests. Those whose possessions are few depend on their own strength: wearing a livid countenance they manage everything personally. For those who [can afford] not to speak [at all] their affairs are managed [by others]; so that they can wail and give the fullest expression to their feelings [of grief] 40.

282---The Rites in Extraordinary Cases (IV B. 6b-7a).

a. Why is it that when the mourner is afflicted with sickness he is allowed to drink wine and eat meat? It is that he may support his life's strength, and so honour the body his ancestors have left to him. Therefore the ch'ü li says: "During the observance of the mourning rites, if [the mourner have] a scab on his head he should wash it; if he have a sore on his body he should bathe it; if he be ill he should drink wine and eat meat; if he be fifty he should not allow himself to be reduced [by his abstinence] very much; if he be sixty not at all. At seventy he will only wear the unhemmed dress of sackcloth, and will drink wine and eat meat" 41.

b. It further says: "When his father or mother is ill [a young man who has been capped] should not eat so much meat that his taste is changed, neither should he drink so much wine that his countenance is changed; he should not laugh so as to show his teeth nor be angry till he breaks forth in reviling; he should not touch his ch'in or [lutes]" 42.

c. The Tsêng tzŭ wên says: "When [a son is] wearing the three years' mourning, [even after one year when he has put on his cap of] bleached silk, he should not be standing in a company [of friends], neither should he go along in a crowd. The rites are the adornments of the sentiments; would it not be an empty form to condole and wail [with others] while wearing the three years' mourning?" 43

d. The Li t'an kung says: "Tsêng-tzŭ, while wearing mourning for his mother, paid a visit of condolence at the death of Tzŭ-chang" 44. Tzŭ-chang was his friend, and for a mourner, though wearing deep mourning, it is right to pay a visit of condolence [at the death of a friend].

e. The Tsêng tzŭ wên says: "[Tsêng-tzŭ asked:] If one wears the five months's mourning is he allowed to participate in sacrifices [for a deceased person]? Confucius said: It is according to the rites that those wearing mourning for three years in unhemmed sackcloth and less do so" 45. This refers to the mourning sacrifices for the Lord.

f. Tzŭ-hsia asked: "Is it according to the rites if one does not seek to escape military service, after the wailing in the three years' mourning has come to an end? Confucius said: I heard Lao Tan say that Po-ch'in, the Duke of Lu, once engaged [in such a service] when there was occasion for it. [But] if now during a three years' mourning one follows one's advantage [by entering military service], I do not know [if I should allow it]" 46.

283---The Wife does Not Cross the Boundaries For a Visit of Condolence (IV B. 7a).

The wife does not cross the boundaries [of the state of her husband] to pay a visit of condolence because she has no business outside [her home]. It is to avoid [the danger of] debauchery. The Li tsa chi says: "It is not according to the rites that the wife cross the boundaries [of the state of her husband] for a visit of condolence" 47. If she has to wear the three years' mourning [for one of her parents] the Lord goes together with her 48. According to the rites, if a wife wears mourning for her parents her husband also assumes mourning 49.

284---Three Cases where No Condolence is Required (IV B. 7b).

a. Why are there three cases in which condolence is not required? As a subject and the son of a man one should constantly observe prudence, care, and forethought, and [always] attend to the preservation of one's life. If now a person should meet his death 'through being killed in a riot' wei, 'through being crushed' ya, or 'through being drowned' ni it is considered to be a neglect of his duty; therefore no condolence is required 50.

b. Wei means meeting one's death from weapons 51.

c. The Li tsêng tzŭ chi says: "A man who has brought great shame upon himself and causes his body to be maimed [in a punishment] is not considered to be the servant [of his Lord] anymore, neither are the common officers willing to have intercourse with him. In the sacrifices to the ancestors he is no longer employable as an impersonator, he is not allowed to partake of the sacrificial victims in the ancestral temple, and when he dies he is not buried in the precincts of the ancestral temple" 52.

285---The Mourning of the Disciple for His Teacher (IV B. 7b-8a).

a. A disciple wears mourning for his teacher because his relation to him is that of Lord to subject, of father to son, of friend to friend. Therefore during [the teacher's] life he honours and reveres him with affection, when he is dead he grieves and sorrows for him. His affection is deep, his feeling of duty profound. Therefore he wears deep mourning for him. At home he wears the [head-and-waist] fillets, outside he leaves them off. 53

b. The T'an kung says: "[Tzŭ-kung says:] Formerly, when our Master was mourning for Yen Hui he acted as if he was mourning for a son, [only] he did not wear mourning dress. He did the same in the case of Tzŭ-lu. Let us mourn for our Master as we should mourn for our fathers, but wear no mourning dress" 54.

286---What is More Important, One's Own Mourning or One's Public Duties? (IV B. 8a-9a).

a. The Tsêng tzŭ wên says: "[Tsêng-tzŭ asked:] If, when the ruler has died and is lying in his coffin, an officer 55 is informed of the death of his father or mother what should be done? Confucius said: He should go home and remain there; for the great services [to the deceased ruler] 56 he should go to his Lord's place, but not for those of every morning and evening. [Tsêng-tzŭ] asked: If, when they have begun to move the ruler ['s coffin], an officer is informed of the death of his father or mother what should be done? Confucius said: He should go home and wail, and then return and accompany [the funeral of] his Lord. [Tsêng-tzŭ] asked: If, before the ruler has been encoffined, an officer is informed of the death of his father or mother what should be done? Confucius said: He should go home and have the deceased put into the coffin, and then return to the ruler's place; for the great services [to the deceased parent] he should go home, but not for those of every morning and evening. If [the officer] is a great officer the chief servant of his household will attend to [his private] affairs 57; if he is a common officer his son or grandson. The wife of a great officer 58, on the occasion of the great services [to the deceased ruler], will also go to the ruler's place, but not for those of every morning and evening" 59.

b. Why is it that if a Feudal Lord who is wearing mourning for his parent is informed of the death of the Son of Heaven he hastens to take part in the funeral rites [for the latter]? It expresses the idea that he subordinates [his grief for the loss of] his own parents to his fidelity to the Exalted One 60. The Ch'un ch'iu chuan says: "The reason that the death of the Son of Heaven is recorded, but not his funeral, is that the time for his burial is determined. The funeral of a Feudal Lord is recorded because the time for it is not necessarily determined" 61. As a Feudal Lord at the death of the Son of Heaven is in duty bound 62 to hasten [and take part in the funeral rites even if he is in mourning for his parent], the time of the burial [of his deceased parent] cannot always be determined.

c. When a great officer, charged with a mission [by his Lord], has started [his journey], and is informed of the death of his father or mother, he only returns upon the order of his Lord: that is his [expression of] esteem for his ruler. The Ch'un ch'iu chuan says: "When a great officer, having started his journey on a mis- sion from his Lord, is informed of the death [of his parent] he proceeds without haste and does not return" 63.

d. Why is it that a Feudal Lord who is on his way to a court-visit is allowed to return when he is informed of the death of his own [parent]? It expresses the idea that one is not to enter the palace- gates in mourning dress, neither should the Lord summon [his subject when he is in mourning]. Not to dare to enter the palace-gates in mourning dress indicates reverence for the court; luck and disaster do not go together. Therefore the Chou kuan says: "When one is in mourning dress one should not enter the palace-gates" 64. The Ch'ŭ li says: "When one is in mourning one does not speak of music; when one is directing a sacrifice one does not speak of unlucky things; when one is at court one does not speak of wife or daughters" 65. The Lun yü says: "The Master did not sing on the same day in which he had been weeping" 66.

e. When a subject is wearing deep mourning [his Lord should] not knock at his door [to summon him] because he allows him to terminate his duties as a filial son and to consummate his great [mourning] rites. The Ch'un ch'iu chuan says: "Anciently, when a Minister was wearing deep mourning his ruler did not knock at his door for three years" 67.

287---The Hastening Home to Observe the Mourning Rites (IV B. 9a).

a. Why is it that when [a Lord is] informed of the death [of his parent] he wails before beginning the journey [home]? It is to exhaust his grief; he only starts after his first sorrow has somewhat abated 68. Seeing the boundaries of his state he weeps again, but passing the market and the palace he does not 69: for the Noble Man restrains himself that the small man may [also] make an effort to come up to the [required] decorum 70. [On his way] he stops when he sees the stars; each day he covers one hundred li71. His anguished heart only thinks of seeing the corpse in the coffin as soon as possible. Therefore the Li pên sang chi says: "With lamentations he responds to the notifier, thus giving full vent to his grief; he inquires of the cause [of the death], and then sets out on his way" 72. Tsêng-tzŭ says: "An army moves thirty li [a day, the bringer of] lucky news moves fifty li, [the son] hurrying home to attend the funeral [of his parent] moves one hundred li [a day]" 73.

b. Why is it that when the mourning proves to have already ended [by the time the son] returns he goes to the grave to weep? It means that he feels the deepest sorrow because he cannot see the deceased again. As mourning cannot be assumed after [the period after it has expired] he only weeps and leaves it at that. Therefore the Li pên sang chi says: "He goes to the grave, faces west, and weeps, and [there the mourning] ends" 74. This means that having returned from afar [he finds that] the burial has already taken place, and the wearing of mourning has been ended according to the rites.

288---The Place for the Wailing (IV B. 9a-b).

a. Tsêng-tzŭ was standing by the door [of his house] with a visitor when [one of the latter's] companions went out in a hurry. Tsêng-tzŭ asked: "Where art thou going?" [The disciple] replied: "My father has died, and I am going to wail for him in the lane". Tsêng-tzŭ said: "Return and wail in thy apartment [in my house]". Tsêng-tzŭ [them] paid him a visit of condolence, [standing with] his face to the north 75.

b. The T'an kung chi says: "Confucius said: Where shall I wail for him? For brethren I wail outside the gate of the ancestral temple, for a teacher in my chamber, for a friend outside the door of the chamber, for an acquaintance in the open country" 76.

289---The Duke of Chou was Buried with the Royal Rites IV B. 9b).

Since upbringing follows [the status in which] one was born, and burial follows [the status in which] one has died, why was the Duke of Chou buried with the royal rites? Because the Duke of Chou had [acted as the Son of Heaven, and had] ascended the eastern steps 77. In his direction of the government [of the state] he was in accordance with the intentions of Heaven. He expanded and brought to prosperity the way of the Chou [Dynasty]. He made manifest the measures and numbers of Heaven, [as a consequence of which] the ten thousand things all obtained [their proper attendance], and the magnificent fluid penetrated [everything, all in accordance with] the intent of primordial Heaven. The [people's] filial love for the Duke of Chou was not different from that for [King] Wên and [King] Wu; therefore he was buried with the royal rites, and was accorded the sacrifice in the suburb. The Shang shu says: "Now Heaven has moved its terrors to display the spiritual power of the Duke of Chou" 78. Hereafter [the Shang shu continues] saying: "The [royal] rites [with which he was treated] therefore befitted him" 79.

Notes

1. See ch. VII, n. 41.

2. I li chu shu, 11.11b; C. 387.

3. The text is incomplete. Acc. to the T'an kung (see ch. XLIII, n. 33) the Son of Heaven, at the death of a Feudal Lord, wails and puts on the chüeh-pien (for which see ch. XLI, par. 273) and silk garments. Ch. Ssŭ-fu of the Chou li (chu shu, 21.14a; B. II. 9) says that the King, at the death of a Feudal Lord, wears the 緦 衰 ssŭ-ts'ui (Biot: "le vêtement de deuil Ssé"). It seems that the Son of Heaven does not actually wear mourning for a Feudal Lord, but puts off the dress immediately after the funeral. Cf. ch. XLIII, par. 298.

4. 天 子 諸 侯 絕 朞 . This statement, in positive form, also occurs in Ho Hsiu's comm. on Chuang 4 (Kung yang chu shu, 6.13a), where it is followed by 大 夫 絕 緦 "the great officers cut off the three months' mourning", i.e., the Son of Heaven and the Feudal Lords only wear the three years' mourning, the great officers only the mourning from five months upwards (cf. n. 5).

5. Li chi chu shu, 52.16b; C. II. 446; L. II. 310. The meaning is the same as what is stated in Ho Hsiu's comm. (n. 4). Owing to his exalted position the Son of Heaven (and so does a Feudal Lord) only wears mourning for his father, his mother, the heir, and his wife (the mourning period for the latter is only one year, but as re-marriage within three years is disapproved, she is included in the term 'three years' mourning'; see K'ung Ying-ta, o.c. 17b). The statement about the great officer here differs from that given in Ho Hsiu's comm. (n. 4). K'ung Ying-ta's sub-comm. on the Li chi passage (quoting 熊 氏, o.c. 18b) says that in the term 'one year's mourning' the nine months' mourning (ta-kung) and the five months' mourning (hsiao-kung) are included.

6. Ch. Sang fu (I li chu shu, 11.81b; C. 433; St. II. 40) says that the right to reduce the mourning for the collaterals by one degree applies to a great officer, a Duke's brothers, and the son of a great officer.

7. 庶 人 shu-jên, taken in this special sense by Chêng Hsüan in his comm. on the I li (chu shu, 11.47a). Cf. also Vol. I, p. 132.

8. 齊 衰 tzŭ-ts'ui, as opposed to 'unhemmed sackcloth' 斬 衰 chan- ts'ui.

9. Cf. ch. XXXVIII, n. 11.

10. 祝 chu. He assists at the filling of the deceased's mouth and the dressing (cf. ch. XLIII, par. 300) acc. to Chêng Hsüan's comm. on the passage (see n. 11).

11. Li chi chu shu, 10.24a-b; C. I. 249.

12. Cf. ch. Hsi tz'ŭ of the I ching (L. 385).

13. 忘 instead of 亡 (Ch'ên, 11.3b).

14. 朞 chi; cf. ch. XXXVI, n. 2.

15. 加 隆 chia-lung.

16. I.e. 5 x 5 months (Yüan shên ch'i in Yü han, 58.19b). Sung Chung's comm. says that the term of 25 months is taken to include an intercalary month.

17. 漸 三 年 之 氣 . Ho Hsiu's comm. on Min 2 (see n. 18) lacks the last two characters, thus: "approaches three years."

18. Kung yang chu shu, Min 2, 9.19b. Cf. par. 220b.

19. See n. 14. The same rule applies to the one year's mourning (cf. the sub-comm. on Kung yang chuan, Ai 5, see n. 20).

20. I.e. the 大 功 ta-kung (9 months), the 小 功 hsiao-kung (5 months), and the 緦 麻 ssŭ-ma (3 months). This statement corresponds with Ho Hsiu's comm. on Ai 5, Kung yang chu shu, 27.12b.

21. 小 祥 hsiao-hsiang and 大 丨ta-hsiang. I li chu shu, Shih yü li, Chi, 14.35b; C. 540 (also in Li chi chu shu, Chien chuan, 57.11a; C. II. 572). Chia Kung-yen's sub-comm. on the I li says that these sacrifices take place in the thirteenth and twenty-fifth months after the death, i.e., no account is taken of an intercalary month. Cf. also n. 38.

22. 反 本 instead of 及 丨(Sun I-jang, Cha i, 10.6a).

23. 示 故 也 instead of 亦 示 也 故 (Liu, 74.5a).

24. Cf. I li chu shu, Sang fu, 11.3a; C. 386.

25. Li chi chu shu, Chien chuan, 57.10b; C. II. 571, where the text, for the nine months' mourning, says: "does not take three meals in a day". This applies to the one year's mourning as well (ch. Sang ta chi of the Li chi, C. II. 224).

26. 竹, 蹙 .

27. 桐, 痛 For the t'ung tree, see Vol. I, p. 343, n. 367.

28. I li chu shu, Sang fu, 11.3a; C. 385 (also in Li chi chu shu, Sang fu hsiao chi, 32.4b; C. I. 743). Chia Kung-yen's sub-comm. on the I li passage (4b-5a) gives a different explanation for the use of the bamboo and the t'ung. Bamboo is round, resembling Heaven; inside and outside it has joints, resembling the son who inwardly and outwardly grieves; it does not change throughout the four seasons as the son mourns for his father throughout the cold and hot seasons without changing. T'ung means t'ung 'similar'; in her heart the wife is the same as the father.

29. 倚 廬 i-lu.

30. Li chi chu shu, 57.11a; C. II. 573.

31. This is also stated by Chêng Hsüan's comm. on ch. Chi hsi, Chi (I li chu shu, 13.48b).

32. 練 lien. It is worn in the 13th month after the death, and replaces the head-fillet (Chia Kung-yen's sub-comm. I li chu shu, Sang fu, 11.10a).

33. 惡 室 o-shih, also referred to as 'outer chamber' 外 寢 wai-ch'in in the I li (chu shu, Sang fu, 11.8a; C. 387). See also infra, under d.

34. Li chi chu shu, Sang ta chi, 45.12b; C. II. 241.

35. The quotation cannot be identified, but ch. Wang chih of the Li chi says that the Son of Heaven is encoffined seven days, a Feudal Lord five days, and a great officer three days after his death (cf. ch. XLIII, par. 302).

36. 虞 , i.e. the sacrifice after the interment, see Couvreur's note in his Li chi translation, II. 184.

37. From "He sleeps on raw straw, etc." this statement corresponds, with slight differences, with that of ch. Sang fu of the I li (chu shu, 11.8a; C. 386-387).

38. Cf. ch. Chien chuan (Li chi, C. II. 572, with slight differences), and supra, n. 21.

39. 禫 t'an . Cf. ch. Shih yü li, Chi (I li chu shu, 14.36a; C. 540). I have followed Chêng Hsüan's comm. for the rendering of 通 祭 宗 廟. Sinica Leidensia, VI

40. Cf. the whole paragraph with ch. Sang fu ssŭ chih of the Li chi (C. II. 706).

41. Li chi chu shu, 3.4a; C. I. 48-49.

42. Ibid., 2.30a-b; C. I. 40.

43. Ibid., 19.6a; C. I. 445.

44. Ibid., 9.8a; C. I. 194.

45. Ibid., 18.14a; C. I. 424.

46. Ibid., 19.27b; C. I. 462-463. Po-ch'in joined the expedition against the revolting barbarian tribes (cf. M.H. IV. 102).

47. Ibid., 43.6b; C. II. 187 (also in ch. T'an kung, C. I. 192); in both these texts the wording is slightly different from the Po hu t'ung passage.

48. Ch. Tsa chi, l.c.; cf. also Ho Hsiu's comm. on Chuang 2 and Wên 9 (Kung yang chu shu, 6.9a-b; 13.23a). K'ung Ying-ta's sub-comm. on the Tsa chi (o.c. 7a) says that, though a married daughter only wears the one year's mourning for her parents, the term 'three years' mourning' is here used because this is the proper period for all the children.

49. I.e. the three months' mourning, see ch. Sang fu of the I li (C. 430; St. II. 38). Cf. also ch. Fu wên of the Li chi (C. II. 561).

50. wei 畏, ya 厭, ni 溺. Cf. Li chi chu shu, T'an kung, 6.26b; C. I. 130.

51. Chêng Hsüan's explanation (l.c.) is: "If a man is attacked by others and killed without having been able to prove his innocence [we speak of wei]." Ya is explained as "resting on one's way under a dangerous [spot and being killed]." Ni as "not making use of a bridge or a boat [and being drowned]."

52. Not in the present Li chi. Cf. also ch. XXXVIII, n. 13.

53. This deviates from the statement in the T'an kung (Li chi chu shu, 7.20b; C. I. 148), which prescribes the wearing of the fillets even when going out. Only friends, when mourning for each other, leave off the fillets (l.c.).

54. Li chi chu shu, 7.16a; C. I. 146.

55. 臣 ch'ên, i.e. 'subject', including Ministers, great officers, and common officers.

56. 殷 事 yin-shih, i.e. the offerings on the 1st and 15th days of the month (Chêng Hsüan, l.c.).

57. 大 夫 內 子 I.e. the affairs pertaining to the funeral of his own parent.

58. . I.e., she accompanies her husband.

59. Li chi chu shu, 19.8a-b; C. I. 447-448; L. I. 332-333.

60. I have followed Lu's emendation of the corrupt passage. The opinion expressed in this paragraph is that of the Kung-yang School (cf. the Wu ching i i, Huang ch'ing ching chieh, 1250.36b). See also ch. XLIII, par. 293a.

61. Kung yang chu shu, Yin 3, 2.10a.

62. 當 instead of 尚 (Ch'ên, 11.16a). Ho Hsiu's comm. on the passage says: "He is in duty bound to step over the cords of the funeral-car (cf. Vol. I, p. 288, n. 151), and hasten to take part in the funeral rites [of the Son of Heaven]."

63. Kung yang chu shu, Hsüan 8, 15.20a.

64. Chou li chu shu, Hun jên, 7.24b; B. I. 150, where the text reads: "In mourning dress and with spiritual vessels (for which cf. ch. XXVIII, par. 188a) one should not enter the palace".

65. Li chi chu shu, 4.10a; C. I. 75.

66. Ch. VII. 9, Lun yü chu shu, 7.4a; L. 197.

67. Kung yang chu shu, Hsüan 1, 15.4a-b. Cf. ch. XII, par. 102e. Ch'ên Li's ed. (11.17b) contains at the end of this paragraph the following passage, taken from a quotation in the T'ung tien: "A person who is in mourning does not go to court; luck and disaster do not go together, and the filial son ['s duty to remember his parent's] favours should not be hampered. In the case of the Grand Ancestral Temple catching fire, an eclipse of the sun, funeral rites of the Queen, and soaking rain which render the robes unsightly, the court-visit may be called off" (for the last sentence cf. ch. Tsêng tzŭ wên, Li chi, C. I. 439; L. I. 328).

68. Cf. ch. Pên sang of the Li chi (C. II. 534; L. II. 365).

69. Cf. ibid.

70. Chêng Hsüan's comm. on the foregoing passage says: "[by his wailing] he would have startled the multitude" (Li chi chu shu, 56.1b).

71. See n. 69.

72. Li chi chu shu, 56.1a; C. II. 534.

73. The quotation cannot be identified, but cf. the Hsün tzŭ, Ta lüeh, 27.68, and the Shuo yüan, Hsiu wên, 19.13a.

74. Li chi chu shu, 56.9b; C. 11.545; L. 11. 371. The Li chi text reads (in Legge's translation): "If one returned home after the mourning rites had been completed, he went to the grave, and there wailed and went through the leaping. On the east of it, he tied up his hair, bared his arms, put on the cincture for the head, bowed to the visitors, and went (again) through the leaping. Having escorted the visitors, he returned to his place, and again wailed, giving full vent to his grief. With this he put off his mourning. In the house he did not wail." The place on the east indicates, acc. to Chêng Hsüan, the seat of the host (the son has now become the master of the house); the "facing west" in the Po hu t'ung text is apparently a paraphrase of it.

75. See ch. T'an kung (Li chi chu shu, 8.6a; C. I. 163; L. I. 147-148). Tsêng-tzŭ stood facing north, wishing to act as a visitor, while the guest stood facing west, as if he were the host (K'ung Ying-ta, l.c.).

76. Li chi chu shu, 7.8b; C. I. 136, where, however, the text is slightly different.

77. chien-tsu, cf. Vol. I, p. 290, n. 158.

78. Shang shu chu shu, Chin t'êng, 12.14b; L. 360.

79. Ibid. Cf. this paragraph with ch. VII, par. 66.

<Previous Section>
<Next Section>
IATHPublished by The Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, © Copyright 2003 by Anne Kinney and the University of Virginia