DIGITAL TEXT ARCHIVE
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A digital text is simply a hieroglyphic text that has been transcribed according to a set of rules that substitute alphanumeric values for glyphs and their spatial "syntax". Because the epigraphic information in a digital text, unlike that of a raw image, can be processed by a computer, digital texts can be of great benefit to epigraphers interested in deciphering and interpreting Mayan texts. One obvious use is that of finding regular patterns of glyph substitution and collocation in a corpus of texts. All epigraphic decipherment rests on the finding of such patterns, and yet the process of finding them is a tedious and often incomplete one. With a large body of hieroglyphic material digitized, one can easily and comprehensively locate lists of patterns, which could then be used to support or disprove an hypothesis about a glyph's phonetic or semantic value. Such lists can also be used as a heuristic aid in pursuing unanticipated directions.
Mayanists are already familiar with textual digitization in the form of J.E.S. Thompson's conventions, introduced in A Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs. Thompson assigned a numberic value to each glyph type that he was able to determine at the time, according to the following scheme: affixes = 1-370, main signs = 501-856, and portraits = 1000-1087). Thompson also devised a simple means of describing the spatial relationship between glyphs as they are found within glyph blocks. For example, a period separating to glyph numbers means that the two images were side by side, whereas a colon indicates that the left-hand glyph rests on top of the right-hand one. Epigraphers still use Thompson's scheme, and it has become the de facto standard, in spite of the existence of other systems of naming the glyphs.
In recent years, Thompson's conventions have been extended to accommodate new research agendas. Kornelia Kurbjuhn (1989) has introduced a fourth set of numbers to add to Thompson's original three--1300 and up accommodate anomolous glyph types. Similarly, MED introduces a new set of glyph series as well as some modifications of the syntax system introduced by Thompson. These modifications are described in detail below.
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01A "ISIG"
01B "ISIG"
02A "ISIG"
02B "ISIG"
03A "9"
03B "BAKTUN"
04A "6"
04B "KATUN"
05A "16"
05B "TUN"
06A "9"
06B "WINAL"
07A "0"
07B "KIN"
08A "8"
08B "AHAW"
09A "18"
09B "SEK"
10A (128c.(60:[155])):23b
10B "5".([1029]:125d)
11A ([740]:24d).125d
11B "2".((1000a.181):713a)
12A (?:?).(622b:?)
12B 187:516c
13A 683:"9"
13B 173.(683:134|125|126|?)
14A (588a:142).125d
14B 84:((1030d:142b).116d)
15A 151a.(74:575:178d)
15B (561:23b).(598:23b)
16A "1"."AHAW"
16B "18"."SOZ"
17A (740.181):125d|126|?
17B 69a:1000a
01C 348:793b
01D "0 [KIN]".("5":"WINAL":125|136|?)
02C "8"."TUN"
02D (740.181):246
03C 679a.(11:335:713)
03D "4"."AHAW"
04C "8"."KUMKU"
04D 218:575
05C "13"."BAKTUN"
05D "2 [KIN]".("9":"WINAL":125|136|?)
06C ("1":548:142b).(153b:125)
06D (220a:501).(128c:561:23b)
07C 17a.(86:528:(528.528))
07D 747a.(113:561:23b)
08C "1".(84:512a)
08D 1011
09C "13"."IK"
09D "20"."MOL"
10C 1014a
10D "6".(168:561:23b)
11C 48.(1008:178d)
11D "8".(48:1011)
12C 11.(187:1016a)
12D 115.(610:60|?:59)
13C 114.(566:23b)
13D "0 [KIN]".("12":"WINAL":125|136|?)
14C "3"."TUN"
14D "18"."KATUN"
15C "1"."BAKTUN"
15D (511:88:125).(367:561:102)
16C "1".(84:785a)
16D 1011
17C 679a.(740:24)
17D (74:565a:117).178d
01E "9"."IK"
01F "15"."KEH"
02E 11.(713a:25:501)
02F (74:565a:117).178d
03E (11:757).(11:712:24)
03F 348:793b
04E "3".(125:582;188)
04F 1000a
05E "2 [KIN]".("11":"WINAL":246|?)
05F "7"."TUN"
06E "1"."KATUN"
06F "2"."BKTUN"
07E (740.181):125
07F 679a.((58a.665):713a)
08E 89.(11:757)
08F 348:793b
09E "9"."IK"
09F "0"."SAK"
10E "2 [KIN]".("12":"WINAL":246|?)
10F "10".("TUN":125)
11E "6"."KATUN"
11F "3".("BAKTUN":125)
12E (1083b:59).125
12F "9"."IK"
13E 679a.(740:125)
13F 11.(212a:764)
14E 11.(?:239)
14F (108|?:785a).(74:565a)
15E 40.(168d:793a:130)
15F "13 [KIN]".("7":"WINAL":246|?)
16E "6".("TUN":125)
16F "1".("KATUN":125)
17E 740:246
17F 11.(212:764b)
01P 679a.(58:665:713a)
01Q 89.(101|204|?:757)
02P 11.(212:764b)
02Q "11"."KABAN"
03P "0"."POP"
03Q 38.(168d:570:12)
04P "5"."KIMI"
04Q "14"."KAYAB"
05P (740.181):125
05Q 744a
06P "14 [KIN]".("5":"WINAL":246|?)
06Q ("2":"TUN").("1":"KATUN")
07P (740.181):(246|?)
07Q 679a:((58.665):713a)
08P 89.(101|204|?:757)
08Q "1"."KAN"
09P "2"."KAYAB"
09Q 40.(168d:44d:606)
10P "11"."LAMAT"
10Q "6"."XUL"
11P (740.181):(246|?)
11Q 89.543
12P "9 [KIN]".("3":"WINAL":125|136|?)
12Q "13".("TUN":?)
13P (740.181):(136.?)
13Q 89.543
14P "2"."KABAN"
14Q "10"."XUL"
15P "3 [KIN]".("6":"WINAL":246|?)
15Q (58.665):713a
16P 89.(101|204:757)
16Q 89.543
17P 679a.(1083:59)
17Q "8"."AHAW"
01R "13"."KEH"
01S 204.(676:130c|?)
02R "9"."BAKTUN"
02S 44.(110.(610:23b))
03R "18 [KIN]".("1":"WINAL":246|?)
03S "8".("TUN":125)
04R "1"."KATUN"
04S (740.181):(246|?)
05R 21a.(68:683b)
05S 58.(219:528)
06R 679a.(58.665):713a)
06S 89.(11:757)
07R "3"."EZ'NAB"
07S "11"."XUL"
08R "17 [KIN]".("7":"WINAL":246|?)
08S "16".("TUN":130)
09R 329."KATUN"
09S (740.181):(246|?)
10R "5"."AHAW"
10S "3"."ZEK"
11R (228:528:142b).(115|?:23b|?:585a)
11S 679a.((58.665):713a)
12R 89.(101|204|?:757)
12S "5"."KABAN"
13R "0"."SOZ"
13S "16 [KIN]".("6":"WINAL":246|?)
14R "18".("TUN":125)
14S "1"."KATUN"
15R 740:246|?
15S (281:23b).(684b:142)
16R 679a.((58.665):713a)
16S 89.(1:757)
17R "5"."KAN"
17S "12"."KAYAB"
01T "17 [KIN]".("4":"WINAL":125|136|?)
01U "2".("TUN":125)
02T "2"."KATUN"
02U 740.246|?
03T 679a(?:713a)
03U 89.(1.757)
04T 89.(1016a:24)
04U 191.1011
05T (228:528:178).(115:23b:585a)
05U "1"."IMIX"
06T "4"."SIP"
06U "1 [KIN]".("1":"WINAL":246|?)
07T "1"."TUN"
07U (740.181):246
08T (575:59).(0:24)
08U 11.115.747a
09T (228:528:142).(238:23b:585a)
09U 679a.(740.125)
10T 762:142b
10U "7"."KAN"
11T "17"."MOL"
11U "7 [KIN]".("4":"WINAL":125)
12T "8".("TUN":125)
12U "2"."KATUN"
13T 740.246
13U 762:142b
14T "11"."CIKCAN"
14U "13"."CEN"
15T "2 [KIN]".("8":"WINAL":125|246|?)
15U "9".("TUN":130|?)
16T 740.246|?
16U 762.142b
17T 679a.(58.665):713a)
17U 89a.(11:757)
01G "9"."AKBAL"
01H "6"."XUL"
01I 188a.(74:110:110:25|?)
01J (245|?:501:534).(519:578)
01K (130e:518c:188).757|758a|?
02K 12.(0:(178.178))
03K 570.(32|35|?:1000|?)
04K (1:533:23b).(184:624b:178f)
05K 125.((32|35|?.1000a):670:178f)
06K 1000a.(168d:573a)
07K "18 [KIN]".("8":"WINAL":246|?)
08K "1".(1034{"BAKTUN"}:142)
09K ("13"."AHAW").("18"."KANKIN")
10K 679a.(110:1029)
01L "8"."OK"
02L "3"."KAYAB"
03L ((58.665):713a).181
01M 89.(11:757)
01N 74.184.(762:142)
01O ((12.(177:506)):(501.506)).(109e:539:130)
02O "6 [KIN]".("11":"WINIAL":246|?)
03O "6".("TUN":125)
04O (58:665).713a
05O (565a:266b).(597b:575)
06O (11:219:59).(116c:747a)
07O "3".(797a:59).35
08O 204.("3":676:178f)
09O (11:714:130c).(11:(38.1016a):24b)
10O 151.(168d:561a:23b)
11O ?{"VULTURE?"}.102
12O 204.(60:713a:18)
13O 74.184.(762)
14O 111.1000|?
15O 37.(168d:793a)
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The project of digitally transcribing hieroglyphic texts rests on the assumption that it is possible to preserve the salient information content of any given hieroglyphic inscription in numeric and syntactic form. Accordingly, transcription conventions should allow for the accurate and unambiguous representation of that information. Once transcribed, these texts should be of use for an indefinite number of purposes, because a digital transcription is designed simply to reproduce, with as little addition or substraction as possible, the information contained in the original inscription. If the addition of information is thought of as "interpretation," and the subtraction of information as "entropy," then the goal of transcription may be described as the preinterpretive, degree zero replication of the original.
The practice of transcription must be separated from the practice of decipherment, translation, and exegesis, and each of these four must be viewed as levels and moments in a comprehensive process of interpretation. Once the level of transcription is completed, it will be possible to proceed to the other interpretive levels.
The following conventions have been adopted in accordance with these principles and ideas.
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The word "inscription" is used to refer to the actual hierglyphic text found on a given artifact, or a facsimile representation thereof. The word "transcription" refers to the rewriting of an inscription in a different form, which preserves some important information content in the inscription. Both inscriptions and transcriptions are referred to as "texts", but a transcritpive segment is sometimes designated as a "string".
The possibility of transcription rests on the condition that the graphic elements of a given inscription are instances or "tokens" or an abstract category or "type" that exists independently of any particular inscription, and which a transcription seeks to identify. Thus, to transcribe a text is to classify its specific elements under the signs of their generic categories. A "grapheme" is a type of graphic sign; inscriptions are made up of tokens of graphemes.
It should be noted that, in this context, a transcription seeks only to represent the geometric and graphemic properties of an inscription as completely and accurately as possible. With very few exceptions, no attempt is made to assign values to graphemes. The assignment of values--phonetic, semantic, grammatic, etc.--takes place rather at the level of "decipherment". The levels of transcription, decipherment, translation and interpretation should be treated as separate and quasi-independent moments of the process of epigraphic research.
A "digital transcription" is a transcription that rewrites the inscription by substituting numbers and other signs for the categories that classify the elements of the inscription.
One of the uses of a digital transcription is that it can be easily processed by a programmed translation routine. Because the visual recognition and classification of the inscribed text has been performed by a person, the mechanical act of substituting values for each numbered element of the transcription is quite easy.
A "glyph" is defined as a minimal unit of an inscription, which may stand alone or in combination with other glyphs. In Classic Maya writing, one or more glyphs are combined to form glyphic "collocations" or "blocks", which are in turn put together to form texts. When used in reference to inscriptions, the word "text" refers to a contiguous group of glyph blocks. Even though two separate groups of glyph blocks may be part of the same narrative, they are reparded as separate texts for the purposes of transcription.
In the system proposed here, a collocation and a block are not synonymous. A collocation is a group of glyphs that combine to form a higher-order unit, as with the signs for day and month names, units of time, temporal indicators, etc. By contrast, a glyph block is a group of glyphs that combine to form those square elements that are distinctive of the Mayan script. A given collocation may or may not be identical to a block, whereas a glyph block is a particular kind of collocation.
Very often one finds in the Classic Mayan inscriptions what appears to be two glyph blocks squeezed together to occupy the space of a single glyph block. The reduced glyph blocks are referred to as "sub-blocks".
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All transcriptions use Thompson's (1962) glyph catalog numbers ("t-numbers"), with some modifications suggested by Kurbjuhn (1989), and others that are presented here for the first time. Thus:
For sake of clarity, these numbers are refered to as "g-numbers".
Aside from the broad categories inherited from Thompson's scheme--affix, main sign, and portrait--the g-number in itself contains no information about the glyph-type it names. Rather, the g-number serves as a unique identifier for a given glyph. It can act as the keyed index field for glyphic information in a relational database, and it can be used to name each glyph's graphic file (e.g. 050700.gif).
Note that, in this system, classificatory schema that group the glyphs according to their visual attributes--such as whether they are iconic or conventional, symmetrical or not, etc.--or some other criteria are not encoded in the g-number. Instead, such schema are to be applied to the glyphic "alphabet" by supplying, in a separate field alongside the g-number, some attribute code.
Also note that Thompson's system does not clearly distinquish between glyphs and collocations; in many cases a collocation that has been assigned an individual number in fact consists of separate glyphs which themselves have been given numbers. In most cases, it is preferable not to use glyph numbers that refer to collocations; instead, collocations are to be identified by their constituent glyphs. Some exceptions to this rule are collocations that represent day and month names and units of time.
Transcriptions of collocations that signify day and month names, units of time, and other calendrical ideas are designated as quoted glosses:
Not all standard collocations are designated by glosses, as in the above list. Period ending signs, for example, are designated by their individual glyphs. Also, it does no harm to transcribe any collocation for which there is an accepted gloss as a string of g-numbers. A good translation routine will detect such strings and convert them to glosses if desired.
A list of distance number indicators is contained in the Appendix.
Numbers are designated as arabic numerals enclosed in quotes.
Finally, unknown glyphs are designated as follows:
Unidentifiable glyphs are glyphs that have been eroded, erased or are otherwise missing. Occasionally, such a glyph may be identified by inference, in which case the inferred value is marked by braces.
It may be argued that Kurbjuhn has already reserved the numbers 1300 and up for the category of unidentified glyphs. However, of the 48 elements she includes in this category, most are collocations, not glyphs as defined here. Therefore, this category does not appear in the current scheme of classification.
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In a digital transcription, one line of transcribed text corresponds to one block of inscribed text. (This is true even in cases of sub-blocks). Within each line of transcription, each glyph is represented by its g-number, and the spatial arrangement of the glyphs as found in the inscription is represented by a set of punctuators originally developed by Thompson (1962) and modified here. Thompson's conventions have been augmented to avoid certain ambiguities that may otherwise crop up. The punctuators with their meanings are as follows:
If one images a glyph block as a small grid with irregularly shaped cells, then the rule for transcription may be stated as follows. First, define how many full columns are in the block. (A full column is the space between two parallel vertical lines that extend the length of the block.) Then, within the leftmost full column, if more than one, begin at the upper left and move from left to right, top to bottom, within the column. Then go to the next full column to the right and repeat the procedure. This rule, which is actually quite intuitive, is best grasped by looking at the examples in the Appendix.
The order of transcription given above must be applied in all cases. This is because the order of transcription does not necessarily correspond to the order in which the glyphs are to be read, that is, assigned values. It describes only the spatial arrangement of the glyphs as they occupy the space of the glyph block. The determination of the actual reading order of the glyphs takes place at the level of translation. Remember that the point of transcription is simply to preserve the visual information of an inscription as completely and accuraately as possible.
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As mentioned above, one block of inscribed text corresponds to a single line of transcribed text. Because the Classic Mayan inscriptions are for the most part composed of ordered rows and columns of glyph blocks, epigraphers have designated individual glyph blocks by their position within an array, where capital letters refer to columns and numbers refer to rows. This practice is adopted here, and transcribers should use received letter and number designations wherever possible.
The order of transcription of glyph blocks follows the established pattern of reading the Classic Mayan inscriptions, which is to read from left to right and top to bottom in columns of two. Thus, for a text with columns A through F and rows 1 through 10, the order of transcription will be: A1, B1, A2, B2, A3, B3, ..., E8, F8, E9, F9, E10, F10.
Many Mayan texts do not conform to the regular square-grid model, such as the "woven" text on Stela J at Copan and the irregularly shaped texts on some of the lintels at Yaxchilan. In cases where epigraphers have discovered the proper reading order of the text, this order is followed. In unattested cases, the order is arrived at by a careful examination of the calendrical phrases, names phrases, or by comparison to other anomalous texts at the same site. In any case, if the order is transcribed incorrectly, it can easily be corrected at a later date when the proper order is determined.
Once the proper reading order of blocks is determined, each block is transcribed on a separate line, beginning with the column letter, the row number, and a tab, as follows:
A1 "ISIG" A2 "ISIG" B1 "ISIG" B2 "ISIG" A3 "12" B3 "BAKTUN" A4 "9" B4 "KATUN" . . . E16 "6".([548]:142:166|"?") F16 "1".(28:[548]:142:166|"?") E17 [740]:(57.126) F17 11.(212:[764a])
Note that lines E16 and E17 contain alternate readings for a glyph, and that the second reading is the "?". In these cases, the glyph value has been guessed at, and the question mark indicates that the suggested value is uncertain.
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Each of the inscriptive texts on an artifact is transcribed as a separate file and given a unique name. The name appears on the first line of the transcription, and also acts as the name of the file in which the transcription is saved. The first eight characters (the "filename") encode the site, artifact type and artifact number. The precise structure is as follows:
For most inscriptions, this naming scheme is easily applied; however, for sites with artifacts numbered according to a scheme that uses letters or takes up more than two characters, a different numbering system needs to be adopted. For example, the various inscriibed panels in Palenque's Temple of the Foliated Cross would have to be renamed. Also, there are no standard numbers for texts on an artifact with multiple inscriptions. In both cases, what is required is a standardized set of numerical identifiers.
For more information on site and artifact codes, see the Appendix.
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All files should be in Unix ASCII format. There should be no spaces between any of the lines of text, including between the text name and the first transcribed block. Nor should there be any spaces between any of the characters on a line of text. The end of each line of transcribed text should have a carriage- return and a line-feed. (If you do not know what these last terms mean, these are usually invisible codes included in a text file. There is in all probability no need to worry to about them, since most word-processors include them.)
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Digital transcriptions are mailed to the database owner's address (see below). Because even the longest inscriptions (such as the Central Panel of the Temple of Inscriptions at Palenque) yield relatively small files, there is no need to compress the files. Simply attach your file to a message that contains your name, address, and anything else you want to add. The owner will place the file in the appropriate subdirectory at the MED site, where it will be accessible to users via FTP (and services, such as Gopher, Lynx, Mosaic, etc., which make use of FTP).
Note that transcriptions are not uploaded directly to the FTP site. Files can be downloaded directly form the site, however.
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Users of MED are encouraged to review transciptions produced by others. This is an important part of networked mode of scholarship on which MED is founded. The more a given text is submitted to criticism by others, the more likely the transcription will be error-free, and the more legitimate the status of the text as a standard transcription.
Critical responses to a given transcription are aired on the Mesoamerican studies listserv, AZTLAN-L, under the category of "epigraphy." At some point in the future, an archive will be set up to store these exchanges, as well as any stand-alone essays than one may wish to contribute.
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The following examples, from Schele (1989:6), illustrate the rule of defining full columns to establish the order of glyph transcription:
+-----+-----------+
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1 | 2 |
| | |
| | |
| | |
+-----+-----------+
Example 1: 2 full columns, 2 glyphs
Transcribed as "1.[2]"
+-----------------+
| 1 |
+-----------------+
| |
| |
| 2 |
| |
| |
+-----------------+
Example 2: 1 full column, 2 glyphs
Transcribed as "1:[2]"
+-----------------+
| 1 | 2 |
+-----------------+
| |
| |
| 3 |
| |
| |
+-----------------+
Example 3: 1 full column, 3 glyphs
Transcribed as "(1.2):[3]"
+-----------------+
| | |
| | |
| 1 | 2 |
| | |
| | |
+-----------------+
| 3 |
+-----------------+
Example 4: 1 full column, 3 glyphs
Transcribed as "([1].2):3"
+-----------------+
| | | |
| 1 | 2 | |
+--------+ 4 |
| | |
| 3 | |
| +--------+
| | 5 |
+-----------------+
Example 5: 2 full columns, 5 glyphs
Transcribed as "((1.2):[3]).([4]:5)"
+-----------------+
| | |
| 1 | |
| | |
| | 4 |
+-----------+ |
| 2 | 3 | |
| | | |
+-----------------+
Example 6: 2 full columns, 4 glyphs
Transcribed as "([1]:(2.3)).4"
+-----------------+
| 1 | 4 |
+-----------------+
| | |
| 2 | 5 |
| | |
+-----------------+
| 3 | 6 |
+-----------------+
Example 7: 2 full columns, 6 glyphs
Transcribed as "(1:[2]:3).(4:[5]:6)"
+-----------------+
| | 2 |
| +-----------+
| | |
| 1 | 3 |
| | |
| +------------
| | 4 |
+-----------------+
Example 8: 2 full columns, 4 glyphs
Transcribed as "1.(2:[3]:4)"
+-----------------+
| 1| 2| | |
+-----+ 5 | |
| | | |
| 3 +--------+ |
| | 6 | 7 | 9|
+-----+--------+ +
| 4 | 8 | |
+-----------------+
Example 9: 3 full columns, 9 glyphs
Transcribed as "((1.2):[3]:4).([5]:(6.7):8).9"
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The following site code names, from Graham (1975:1:24), are used to name digital text files:
Note: This list is being updated by members of the Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Project at the Peabody Museum at Harvard University. All inquiries for unlisted site names should be addressed to them.
ABJ Abaj Takalik ACN Acanmul AGC Aguas Calientes AGT Aguateca ALH Altun Ha ALM Altamira ALS Altar de Sacrificios AML La Amelia AMP EI Amparo ANL Anonal BLK Balakbal BFK Bonampak BUL EI Baul BVJ Benque Viejo CAY EI Cayo CCL Chocola CDR EI Cedral CHB Chacchoben CHL EI Chal CHN Chichen Itza CKL Chinkultic CKM Chochkitam CLB Chilib CLK Calakmul CML Comalcalco CMT Comitan CMU Chichmul CNC Cancuen CNH Chinaha CNK Chinikiha CNT Cenotillo CNZ Chunhuitz COB Coba COL Collections, public or private COZ Cozumel CPC Chiapa de Corzo CPL Chapayal CPN Copan CRB EI Caribe CRC Caracol CSB Consacbe CTP Chuctiepa CVL Cival CZP EI Chicozapote DBC Dzibilchaltun DBN Dzibilnocac DPL Dos Pilas DZL Dzilam DZT Dzitbalche EKB Ek Balam ENC EI Encanto, Peten ESP La Esperanza ETZ Etzna FLD La Florida FLS Flores FNC Finca Encanto GQT Guaquitepec HIG Los Higos HLK Halakal HLL Halal HNT Huntichmul HRZ La Honradez HTZ Hacienda Hotzuc ICC Ichmac ICL Ichmul ICP Ichpaatun IKL Ikil ITB Itzimte-Bolonchen ITN Itzan ITS Itsimte-Sacluk IXH Ixtelha IXK Ixkun IXL Ixlu IXZ Ixtutz IZP Izapa JAI Jaina JMB Jimbal JNT Jonuta KAB Kabah KAX Kaxuinic KJU Kaminaljuyu KNA Kana KNK Kanki KYL Kayal LAB Labna LAC Lacanha LAG Lagunita LBT Lubaantun LGP Laguna Perdida LOL Loltun LPM Lopez Mateos LTI Lashtunich MAR La Mar MCA La Muneca MCW Mountain Cow MLC Mulchic MLP La Milpa MLS Muluch Tsekal MNC Mario Ancona MNG Managua MPN Mayapan MQL Machaquila MRD Mirador MRF Miraflores MRL Moral MTL Motul de San Jose NAR Naranjo NAY La Naya NCT Naachtun NKM Nakum NPT Nohpat OAG Ojo de Agua OKP Okop OXK Oxkintok OXL Oxlahuntun OXP Oxpemul PAB EI Pabellon PAL Palenque PCL Pechal PCR Pasion del Cristo PCT La Pochitoca PDR Padre Piedra PIX Pixoy PLM EI Palmar PMB Pomona, Belize PMT Pomona, Tabasco PNG Piedras Negras PNH Panhale PNT Pantaleon POL Polol PRS EI Paraiso, Yucatan PRT EI Porton PRU EI Peru PSD La Pasadita PST Pestac PUS Pusilha PVR EI Porvenir QRG Quirigua RAM Rio AmariUo RAZ Rio Azul RBC Rio Bec RMC Rio Michol RTR EI Retvo SAL Salinas de los Nueve Cerros SAY Sayil SBL Seibal SCM San r.lemente SCN Sacchana SCU Sacul SEP Santa Elena Poco Uinic SIS Sisilha SLM San Lorenzo, Campeche SLS San Lorenzo, Chiapas SRC Santa Rita Corozal SRX Santa Rosa Xtampak STN Santoton TAM Tamarindito TBI Hacienda Tabi TCK Tohcok TEN Tenam Puente TIK Tikal TLA Tila TLT Telantunich TMN Teleman TNA Tonina TNL Tonala TPX Topoxte TRS Tres Islas TRT EI Tortuguero TSL Tayasal TUL Tulum TUN Tunkuyi TZB Tzibanche TZC Tzocchen TZD Tzendales TZM Tzum UAX Uaxactun UCN Ucanal UKM Ukum UOL Uolantun UXL Uxul UYM Uaymil XCA Xcocha XCK Xcochkax XCL Xculoc XCR Xcoralche XKB Xkombec XKM Xkichmook XLM Xcalumkin XMK Xmakabatun XNC Xnucbec XTL Xutilha XUL Xultun XUP Xupa YAX Yaxchilan YLC Yalcabakal YLT Yaltutu YUL Yula YXH Yaxha YXN Yaxuna YXP Yaxcopoil ZAP El Zapote
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The following codes are adopted from Graham (1975:1:25), but have been modified where the authors used a two-character code:
ALT Altar BSC Ball-court sculpture COL Column CRN Cornice FRG Fragment HST Hieroglyphic stairway, or step JMB Jamb LNT Lintel MON Monument MRL Mural painting MSC Miscellaneous PAN Panel PIL Pilaster or pier STE Stela TAB Tablet THR Throne ZOM Zoomorph
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